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NylL, discovered (growing upon mosses, and also upon other lichens) in 
Europe, where Leighton first elegantly exhibited the fructification; but 
since found in New Zealand (Babingt. 1. c.) in Mexico, Bolivia, and New 
Granada (Nyl.) as well as in Cuba (Mr. Wright) and Venezuela (Mr. 
Fendler). Ihave observed it here on Pannaria rubiginosa from the 
mountains of South Carolina (Mr. Ravenel) on P. molybdea, from Louis- 
jana (Hale) and on mosses from the Yosemite valley, California (Mr. 
Bolander). The apothecia have been rarely seen, and nothing has been 
added to Leighton’s description except by Nylander; who first indicated 
that the interior envelope is ‘immersed in thalline tubercles.’ (Prodr. 
p. 173). The six fruits which I have had the good fortune to discover in 
the scanty Carolina specimens, certainly tend to confirm this character, 
and are well comparable with younger conditions of Porina mastoidea 
(Ach.) Fée; but it is perhaps a variable one, and is passed over by 
Nylander in his later Expositio Pyrenocarpeorum. Spore-cells, in the 
most perfect spores, eight. 
With this is most readily associated (as by Borrer, Leighton, and 
Nylander) .V. letevirens (Turn.) (Endocarpon viride, Ach. Normandina 
viridis, Nyl.) the fructification of which, if we except a single, imperfect, 
and as yet scarcely available observation recorded by Mr. Leighton (1. c.) 
is entirely unknown. It occurs not uncommonly on moist earth in the 
alpine region of the White Mountains. 
Fam. 2.—VERRUCARIEIL. 
Thallus crustaceus. 
Sub-fam. 1.—SEGESTRIEI. 
Apothecia solitaria, perithecio colorato. 
Segestria, indicated by Fries in 1825 (8. O. V. p. 263) as differing from 
Verrucaria as Biatora from Lecidea (L. E. p. 429) is the original type of 
the principal assemblage before us, and was understood by its author to 
embrace three of the six or seven distinct clusters recognized by later 
writers, in the Verrucariei with coloured perithecia; and bark as well as 
rock-lichens, And we append toit here another group (Staurothele, Norm.) 
which while agreeing in some important respects with the first, differs 
from it in its always blackening perithecia; and from Verrucuria in the 
perithecium not being originally black. If then we compare (as we have 
already the Endocarpei to the foliaceous Parmeliacei) the Verrucariei to 
the Lecanorei, Segestriei will represent, in some sort, Zulecanorei, Segestria 
— Lecanora, and Staurothele—Rinodina. Staurothele is only known in 
