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these rock-lichens, as described by Koerber, are calcareous; and nearly 
the whole was first detected in, as a very large part is still confined to, 
Europe. The North American lime-rocks have as yet been little explored; 
and are possibly less fertile in Verrucarie than the European. But the 
whole genus requires study here. 
Sect. 1. — SPORES SIMPLE. 
V. epigea (Pers.) Ach. On denuded surfaces of earth; common in 
Maryland, and Virginia. Illinois (Mr. Hall) Vermont (Mr. Frost) Massa- 
chusetts (Mr. Willey) New Jersey (Mr. Austin). The very delicate para- 
physes are well distinguishable. —— T. maura, Wahl., Th. Fr. Granitic 
rocks on the sea-shore; Massachusetts (Mr. Russell). I find it common 
on the Maine coast; and Vahl collected it in Greenland (Th. Fr. Lich. 
Arct. p. 263).— Var. aractina, Th. Fr. (Verr. aractina, Wahl., Nyl.) 
differs but little, and has also been recognized by Dr. Fries in Greenland 
specimens. Paraphyses, as in most of the species, scarcely or only very 
imperfectly to be made out; running together, so to say, or dissolved at 
length into an undistinguishable mass. Intermediate gradations between 
such obscure, and the distinct expression of this structure are not however 
wanting, and too much weight has with scarcely any doubt been accorded 
to the difference. In the American V. muralis (which is at any rate a 
genuine Verrucaria, Koerb.) I observe the paraphyses now plainly dis- 
tinguishable ; and the author just cited describes them, ‘ doch natiirlich, 
dem Gattungs-character gemass, dabei mucilaginos verschmolzen,’ inseveral 
instances. (Syst. p. 375. Parerg. p. 350). V. ceuthocarpa, Wahl., 
Nyl. On granitic rocks often wet by the sea. Greenland, Vahl (Th. Fr. 
1. c.) and to be looked for here; the lichen of Wahlenberg being described 
by him (#7. Lapp.) as occurring ‘ in foveolis petrarum aguam marinam 
retinentibus.’ Var. mucosa, Ny. (Verr. mucosa, Wahl., Th. Fr.) found ‘in 
petris maritimis sub fluxu semper aqua immersis’ (Wahl. 1. c.) is also an 
inhabitant of Greenland (Th. Fr. 1.c.) and it may well be of more southern 
regions. Spores smaller than in the last species. JV. pinguicula, Mass. 
(Arn. in herb. Krempelh.!) Lime-rocks. Trenton Falls, New York. A 
distinct lichen, agreeing also in the spores with the cited European speci- 
mens. Nylander (Pyrenoc.) reduces it to a variety of V. plumbea, Ach. 
—— V. margacea, Wahl., Nyl. Granitic rocks often overflowed by fresh 
water. Notch of the White Mountains. Also at Weymouth, Mass. (Mr. 
Willey ).——V. nigrescens, Pers. Lime-rocks. Canada (Mr. Drummond). 
Vermont (Mr. Frost). Pennsylvania (Dr. Michener). Ohio (V.el@ochroa, 
Tuck. Syn. N. Eng. p.87). (Lea). Extending also to other rocks, slightly 
if at all impregnated with lime. Pebbles in bank-walls, Cambridge. 
Boulders in walls, Amherst. Old bricks, New Bedford (Mr. Willey). 
Louisiana (Hale). Sagedia viridula, Fr. L. E., is referred here by Th. 
Fries (Lich. Arct.) as by Nylander; and the lighter colour which marks 
