152 HYMENOPTEEA. 



vertex. The upper lip and mandibles are short, the mandibles 

 being used for biting as in beetles. Maxillae can be elongated, 

 and are long in those that lick up the juices of flowers. The 

 lower lip may form a long tube with the maxillas, which tube 

 is bent round in repose. In bees the tongue can be so elongated 

 as to assume the form of a proboscis : in this case the lobes of 

 the jaws become elongated, and form a sheath for the tongue. 

 On the base of the fore-wings are found two scale-like bodies, 

 the tegulcB. In Wood "Wasps (Uroceridce) and Sawflies (Ten- 

 thredinidcB) the pronotum is not united with the mesonotum. 

 The wings are sometimes united together when expanded by a 

 little row of hooks. Wings may be absent, especially in some 

 of the workers, amongst the social Hymenoptera. The abdomen 

 of the female may end in a sting, saw, or ovipositor. The larvae 

 of Hymenoptera are of two types ; generally they are apodal. 

 The apodal forms pass their life as parasites in the body of other 

 insects or in plants, producing " galls," or in cells in the nests 

 of the social and gregarious Hymenoptera. The 

 sawfly larvae or " False -caterpillars" somewhat 

 resemble those of the Lepidoptera, but there are 

 six to eight pairs of abdominal legs, and they 

 live free on leaves. The larvae of the Wood 

 Wasps (Sirices) live inside the wood of trees, 

 and have only rudimentary legs. The social 

 grubs are fed by the workers ; they have a small, 

 ^'°A^SAWPLTt °^ brown, retractile head, with short mandibles and 

 pointed maxillae and labium. Some Aculeate 

 Hymenoptera place in the larval cell, when the egg is laid, a 

 half-paralysed insect, upon which the grub feeds when hatched. 

 Many spin a silken cocoon, in which they pupate. They undergo 

 a curious stage which precedes the pupa, called the pseudopupa. 

 The pupae are usually pale and soft, with the legs of the future 

 insect, &c., detached from the body (fig. 68). 



The Hymenoptera are divided into two sub-orders — 



(i) The Aculeata, with a sting and poison-gland in the female. 



