LEProOPTEEA (moths). 175 



are arranged in clusters of twenty and thirty. The larvse (fig. 

 76) are greenish at first, becoming bluish-green above, yellowish 

 below, with a yellow line along the back and at each side, and 

 are spotted with black and covered with pale hairs. They live 

 especially upon the outer leaves of cabbages. The chrysalis 

 is pale greenish-grey spotted with black, attached by the tail 

 and by a silken cord around the body to some fence, wall, or 

 outhouse. There are two broods, one in the early summer 

 and another in the autumn. 



Prevention and Remedies. — Some good may be done in 

 gardens by hanging rock brimstone over the cabbage-beds, but 

 it cannot be said to be an infallible preventive. Where we 

 have large breadths of cabbage, hand-picking about two weeks 

 after we have observed the advent of the Whites is best. The 

 larvse are then in compact groups, and can soon be cleared off 

 by women and boys. 



The Small White (P. rapas) and the Green-veined White 

 (P. napi) (fig. 77) also feed upon cabbages and other Cruci- 

 ferse ; sometimes the Clouded Yellow (polios edusa) may do a 

 little harm to clover, but all other British diurnals are non- 

 injurious. The Whites are subject to a number of Ichneumon 

 parasites, one of which is shown in fig. 77 (5). 



Moths (Hetehocbra). 



Moths are far more abundant in species and in numbers than 

 Butterflies. They do much harm to root and garden crops, and 

 also to stored grain, &c. Generally their bodies are heavier 

 than the Butterflies, but some (Geometers) almost resemble in 

 form Ehopalocera. The antenna are, however, never clubbed ; 

 they are either feathery, thread-like, or pectinated. The larvse 

 are often hairy, never spiny, as in butterflies, at other times 

 quite smooth ; some have wart-like projections on them. The 

 pupae may or may not be naked. Some are surrounded by a 

 thick case of silk forming a cocoon, as we see in the silk-pro- 



