LEPIDOPTEKA (MOTHS). 



189 



then to the outside, where they form a large hole through 



which the " frass " is passed out. The maggot, when reaching 



maturity, is said to return to the core and devour that part. 



When mature, the larva is a little more than half an inch 



long, pale pinkish white 



with scattered hairs over 



it, and the usual number 



of legs. On reaching the 



f uU-grown stage the maggot 



leaves the apple : if the 



fruit remains still on the 



tree it lowers itself down 



by a thread of silk to the 



ground, but generally the 



apple has fallen by the 



time the larva is full fed. , 



The majority reascend the 



tree and spin cocoons of 



dirty - white silk beneath 



the bark, in which they 



turn to chestnut - brown 



pupse. Some larvae remain 



as such in the cocoon until 



the spring, others pupate in the autumn. All kinds of apples 



are attacked, no variety being immune as far as is known. 



This pest is found all over the world, being easily distributed. 



In many cases it is accountable for the loss of quite half of 



the crop, especially in badly kept orchards. 



Prevention and Remedies. — This pest is one of the easiest to 

 prevent and destroy if taken in time. It is surprising how 

 many larvaa can be trapped by tying a band of cloth round the 

 tree trunks close to the ground : the ascending caterpillars here 

 find shelter and pupate ; the bands can be taken off in the 

 winter and burnt with the pupse in their folds. Many, however, 

 change on the ground, especially if rough grass grows beneath 



Fig. 86. — CoDLiN Moth (Carpocajpsa 

 povwnella). (Whitehead.) 



1, Larva ; 2, pupa ; 3, imago ; 4, diseased fruit. 



