DIPTEKA OE TEUE ELIES. 



205 



sharp conical ovipositor, the end of the male is blunt. The 

 female, by means of this tube, lays her black spindle-shaped 

 eggs on the grass or near some plants — the greater the shelter 

 the more they frequent it, hence we find these pests always 

 most .frequent in permanent pastures. They prefer damp spots 



Fig. 99. — Crane-fly (Tipula oleracea). 

 1 and 2, Male and female ; 3, ova ; 4, larva; 6, pupa. (Whitehead.) 



to oviposit — in fact, most Tipulidse frequent damp and swampy 

 places, some larva living in water, even in brine pools. The 

 black ova of the crane-fly soon hatch out into the larvae. The 

 adults appear twice a-year, one brood in the spring and early 

 summer, the second in the autumn. The larvae of the second 

 brood live through the winter, and pupate in the summer. 



