BUGS. 247 



days. The young are covered with a white scale with two 

 yellow spots. Beneath this scale they turn to a brown pupa, 

 and four days after the perfect insect appears. The body is 

 really red and the thorax yellow, but they are covered with a 

 white mealy powder all over. They breed all the year. 

 Tobacco and soft-soap washes are the best to kill them. 



Bugs (Heteroptera). 



The second sub-order of Hemiptera are the Bugs and Frog- 

 flies. They are united together by the fact that the first pair of 

 wings have their bases leathery, the outer portion being mem- 

 branous (hemielytra). Many of these insects are injurious to 

 plants, but sotoe are carnivorous (Ifemocoris), and are thus 

 beneficial. The Heteroptera have an incomplete metamorphosis 

 like the Homoptera, the larvse being apterous, the pupse having 

 little bud-like wings. They ,have a long, sharp, jointed rostrum 

 by which they puncture plant-tissues and draw out the sap. 

 Often a distinct scar is left behind where their beak has been 

 inserted. The Common Bed-bug {Cimex lectularius) belongs to 

 this group, introduced originally into England in 1503, but not 

 until after the fire of London in 1666 did it become troublesome. 

 It was brought over in foreign timber on the rebuilding of the 

 city. This bug infests animals, it is said, as well as man, and 

 breeds in dust and dirt. Although a number of species of Het- 

 eroptera are more or less harmful to potatoes, &c., only two need 

 be mentioned here — namely, the Needle-nosed Hop-bug (Calocoris 

 fulvomaculatus) and the Hop Frog-fly [EuacantTms intenuptus). 



The Needle-nosed Hop-bug (Calocokis pulvomaculatus). 



This large bug attacks the hop in all three of its stages, but 

 especially in the larval and adult phase of life. C fulvomacula- 

 tus is a large bug about one-third of an inch in length and tawny- 

 grey in colour ; the young are reddish-brown to chocolate and 



