462 APPENDIX. 



ParidoB or Titmice (§ 4). Class third. 



SittidcB or Nuthatches (§ 5). Young like the females or less dis- 

 tinctly marked. 



Certhiidce or Creepers (§ 6). Class third. 



TroglodytidcB or Wrens (§ 7). Class third. 



Anthinoe or Titlarks (§ 8). Class third. 



SylvioolidoB or Warblers (§ 9). Young students will find the 

 young of this family very confusing, from their frequent similarity 

 one to another, and their abundance during the fall migrations. It 

 is best to study Warblers in the spring, and to avoid immature birds 

 until the differences between their parents are mastered. The 

 young of those species not further mentioned, either resemble the 

 females or the males also, or are characterized by indistinct mark- 

 ings and impure colors, such as greenish blue, yellowish white, etc. 

 Helminthophila cdata is " often difficult to distinguish in imma- 

 ture plumage ; but a general oliveness and yellowness, compared 

 with the ashy of some parts of rufieapUla, and the difEerent color of 

 the crown-patch in the two species, will usually be diagnostic." 

 (Coues.) The young male of the " Black-throated Blue " {Den- 

 droica cmrulescens) resembles the adult male, but the colors are 

 impure, and the black restricted. The immature " Yellow-rumps " 

 (2). coronata) are common during both migrations. Their color- 

 ation varies from an imperfect fuU dress to the following extreme. 

 Beneath, white or whitish, with slender streaks ; above, chiefly 

 brown, with more or less yellow, especially on the rump (which is 

 concealed by the wings when closed). The other young DendroiciB 

 with yellow rumps are rriMculosa (Black and Yellow Warbler) and 

 tigrina (Cape May Warbler). The former have more or less dis- 

 tinct (and pure ?) yellow beneath, " small tail-spots near the middle 

 of all the feathers except the central " ; and are rather gray above. 

 The latter are greenish above. The young YeUow " Red-poll " 

 (2). palmarum hypochrysea), with a yellowish rump, has the " tail- 

 spots at very end of inner webs of two outer pairs of tail feathers 

 only, and cut squarely off, — a peculiarity distinguishing the species 

 in any plumage." (Coues.) Of the Bay-breasted" Warbler (Z>. 

 castanea) the young " so closely resemble young striata [" Black- 

 poll "3, that it is sometimes impossible to distinguish them with cer- 

 tainty. The upper parts, in fact, are of precisely the same green- 

 ish olive, with black streaks ; but there is generally a difference 

 below — castanea being there tinged with bufEy or ochrey, instead 

 of the clearer pale yellowish of striata ; this shade is particularly 



