108 THEORY OF EVOLUTION 



one vein from the base of the wing to the leve] 

 of the first cross-vein and in addition converge 

 and meet near their outer ends. The shape of 

 the eye is represented in the figure as different 

 from the normal, due to another factor called 

 "bar". This is a dominant character, the hybrid 

 condition being also nai-row, but not so narrow- 

 as the pure type. Vermilion eye color might 

 also be here represented — due to a factor 

 that has appeared independently on several 

 occasions. 



In the fifth figure (e) the wings are shorter 

 and more pointed than in the wild fly. This 

 character is called miniature. The light color 

 of the drawing may be taken to represent yel- 

 low body color, and the light color of the eye 

 white eye color. 



In the last figure (f) the wings are repre- 

 sented as pads, essentially in the same condi- 

 tion that they are in when the fly emerges from 

 the pupa case. Not all the flies of this stock have 

 the wings in this condition ; some have fully ex- 

 panded wings that appear normal in all re- 

 spects. Nevertheless, about the same percen- 

 tage of offspring show the pads irrespective of 



