Chap. VIII. VANDELLIA. 323 



flowers of the double violet have been rendered 

 double. 



VandelUa nummularifolia. — Dr. Kuhn has col- 

 lected * all the notices with respect to cleistogamic 

 flowers in this genus, and has described from dried spe- 

 cimens those produced by an Abyssinian species. Mr. 

 Scott sent me from Calcutta seeds of the above com- 

 mon Indian weed, from which many plants were succes- 

 sively raised during several years. The cleistogamic 

 flowers are very small, being when fully mature under 

 ^ of an inch (1.27 mm.) in length. The calyx does 

 not open, and within it the delicate transparent corolla 

 remains closely folded over the ovarium. There are 

 only two anthers instead of the normal number of four, 

 and their filaments adhere to the corolla. The cells of 

 the anthers diverge much at their lower ends and are 

 only TTSTT of an inch (.181 mm.) in their longer diameter. 

 They contain but few pollen-grains, and these emit 

 their tubes whilst still within the anther. The pistil 

 is very short, ani is surmounted by a bilobed stigma. 

 As the ovary grows the two anthers together with the 

 shrivelled corolla, all attached by the dried pollen- 

 tubes to the stigma, are torn oil and carried upwards 

 in the shape of a little cap. The perfect flowers gener- 

 ally appear befofe the cleistogamic, but sometimes 

 simultaneously with them. During one season a large 

 number of plants produced no perfect flowers. It has 

 been asserted that the latter never yield capsules; but 

 this is a mistake, as thiey do so even when insects are 

 excluded. Fifteen capsules from cleistogamic flowers 

 on plants growing under favourable conditions con- 

 tained on an average 64.2 seeds, with a maximum of 

 87; whilst 20 capsules from plants growing much 



* 'Bot. Zeitnng,' 1867, p. 65. 



