METHODS OF GRAFTING 253 



French method, gave a low percentage of successes but 



excellent unions in California. In operating it stocks 



and cions of equal size are cut at slight angles (about 70 



degrees), and each pair fitted together by a piece of 



stiff galvanized wire pushed into the pith of both parts. 



Bioletti considers this method "especially promising for 



machine grafting." 



In experiments at the Good Hope Agricultural College, it was 

 found that skillful grafters could make 300 end-to-end grafts an 

 hour, while 100 an hour with the tongue graft was quick work. 

 Students who had never grafted before could make 120 an hour, 

 against 15 tongue grafts. In the field the two methods produced 

 about equal percentages of vines when made by skillful men. Un- 

 skilled men secured almost as good results with end-to-end grafts 

 as did the skilled men, while the tongue grafts proved almost total 

 failures. Roots were less numerous on the cions of end-to-end 

 grafts, thus facilitating removal. Results on the whole favored the 

 end-to-end method. 



332. Grafting green grape vines has been successfully practiced 

 by J. Zawodny, a German experimenter, who did the work in May, 

 June and early July, when the stocks were in luxuriant growth, by 

 making the graft obliquely through a node. 



333. Saddle grafting (Fig. 168) is especially useful for 

 propagating small growing shoots. The cion, split by 

 an upward cut, is placed upon the stock cut on each side 

 to form a wedge. Tying and waxing finish the job. Its 

 most popular application is to cions with terminal buds 

 with wood too soft or weak to be easily whip grafted. 



334. Adjuvant graft. — Couderc of France contends that the life 

 of grape vines may be prolonged by using two stocks to one cion. 

 His experiments show that companion stocks have a greater period 

 of duration than either of the stocks used alone. By using a series 

 of "adjuvant" stocks he has flowered and fruited vine cuttings the 

 first year. This was accomplished by grafting a stock having one 

 internode and a good root system under each eye of the cutting, 

 which remains horizontal. The plan is suggested to overcome 

 phylloxera attacks, which the author claims occur even with 

 American species. 



335. Fruit bud grafting. — C. Trehignand, a French investigator, 

 has found that vigorous trees which fail to produce fruit may be 

 grafted with fruit buds from other trees in August or September 

 and fruit obtained the following season. 



336. Grafted conifers, especially pines and firs, are never as suc- 

 cessful as seedlings, because they rarely make a perfect leader and 

 symmetry is sacrificed. Thuias, biotas, junipers, cypresses and ret- 



