76 GRAMINEAB (GRASS FAMILY) 



volute, at least when dry, those on the culm 1.25 cm. or less long, erect or 

 ascending: panicle 2.5 cm. or less long, nearly simple, its branches appressed: 

 spikelets 2^-flowered: glumes acuminate, the first 1-nerved, the second 

 3-nerved; lemma acute or acuminate, rough toward the apex, 4-5 mm. long, 

 exclusive of the scabrous awn, which is 1-2.5 mm. long. {F. minutiflora Rydb. 

 1. c.) — Alpine stations throughout our range; also northeastern America. 



5. Festuca rubra L. Sp. PI. 74. 1753. Culms 4.5-7.5 dm. tall, from running 

 rootstocks, erect, simple: basal leaves involute-filiform, 7.5-15 cm. long; culm 

 leaves shorter, erect, flat, or involute in drying, minutely pubescent a.bove; 

 panicle 5-12 cm. in length, sometimes red, open at flowering time, contracted 

 in fruit: spikelets 3-10-flowered, 8-12 mm. long: glumes acute, unequal, the 

 first 1-nerved, shorter than the 3-nerved second; lemma about 6 mm. long, 

 obscurely 5-nerved, sometimes scabrous, bearing awns of less than their own 

 length. {F. vallicola Rydb. Mem. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 1: 57. 1900; F. Earlei 

 Rydb. Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 32: 608. 1905.)— Rather frequent in the moun- 

 tains of our range; across the continent northward. 



6. Festuca Jonesii Vasey, 1. c. Culms slender or stoutish, 4-8 dm. high: 

 culm leaves 3-5, flat, 1-3 dm. long, 4-8 mm. wide; sheaths shorter than the 

 internodes: panicle ample, very open, 15-30 cm. long; the branches mostly in 

 pairs at the 5-8 distant nodes, slender, flexuous, 8-15 cm. long, at length 

 spreading or reflexed: spikelets numerous, 3-5-flowered: glumes lanceolate, 

 unequal ; lemma 3-nerved, minutely scabrous, terminated by a slender awn 

 longer than its body; palet as long as its lemma, with 2 narrow teeth at apex.— 

 Northwestern Wyoming and westward. 



7. Festuca elatior L. 1. c. 75. Culms 6-15 dm. tall, erect, simple: leaves 

 1-4 dm. long, 4-8 mm. wide, flat, smooth beneath, more or less rough above: 

 panicle 1-3.5 dm. in length, often nodding at the top, simple to very com- 

 pound, the branches ascending or erect, 5-20 cm. long: spikelets 5-9-flowered, 

 9-12 mm. long: glumes acute, the first 1-3-nerved, the second 3-5-nerved; 

 lemma acute or short-pointed, smooth and glabrous, 5-6 mm. long, indis- 

 tinctly 5-nerved. Tall Fescue. — A valuable introduced hay grass; fields and 

 waste grounds. 



8. Festuca scabrella Torr. in Hook. Fl. Bpr. Am. 2: 252. 1840. Culms 

 3-6 dm. tall, erect, usually rough below the panicle: sheaths overlapping, 

 smooth; leaves rough, 2 mm. wide or less, those of the culms 2.5-7.5 cm. long, 

 erect, the basal flat, much longer and readily deciduous from the sheaths, 

 involute in drying: panicle 7.5-10 cm. in length, open, its branches ascending 

 or the lower widely spreading: spikelets 3-5-flowered, about 8 mm. long: 

 glumes scarious, unequal, smooth, the first 1-nerved, the second longer, 

 3-nerved; lemma about 6 mm. long, scabrous, often bearing a short awn 2 

 mm. long or less. {F. Thurberi Vasey, Rothr. Rep. 292. 1878; F. campestris 

 RydJD. Mem. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 1: 57. ).900.) — In the mountains from New 

 Mexico to Montana; apparently across the continent northward. 



9. Festuca confinis Vasey, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 11: 126. 1884. Culms 

 tufted, erect, rigid, the base clothed with dry leafless sheaths: sheaths smooth 

 and glabrous; leaves erect, stiff, smooth beneath, rough above, 2.5 dm. long 

 or less, 2-A mm. wide, those on the culm much shorter than those of the in- 

 novations: panicle strict, narrow, 10-12 cm. long, its branches erect or ap- 

 pressed: spikelets usually 3-flowered, 7-8 mm. long: the glumes acute, the 

 lemmas strongly scabrous. [F. Kingii (Wats.) Scribn.; F. Waisonii (Nash)].— 

 Sandy banks; throughout our range. 



60. BROMUS L. Bromb Grass 



Rather coarse grasses with flat leaves. Spikelets 5-15-flowered, large, :per- 

 fect except the upper florets, in open panicles, the triquetrous pedicels thick- 

 ened upward, at length drooping. Glumes subequal, two thirds as long as 

 the adjacent florets, acute or subacute, the first 1-3-nerved, the second 3- 

 9-nerved; lemma herbaceous, rather rigid, convex or carinate, acute den- 

 ticulate or obtuse, short-awned or awnless; palets ciliate on the two keels. 



