Perching Birds Marked With Red. 
% 515. Pine Grosbeak (Pinicola enucleator leucura). 
L. 8.5; W. 4.6. Ad. 3. Rosy red in varying amounts; 
belly gray; wings, tail and center of back feathers 
blackish brown; two white wing-bars. Ad. @. Gray, 
head and rump greenish; breast tinged with greenish. 
Yng. &. Like 9, but with head and rump reddish. 
Notes. Song, sweet; in winter strong and cheery; in 
spring tender and plaintive. (Chamberlain.) 
Range.—Northeastern North America; breeds from New Brunswick 
and northern New England northward; winters south, irregularly, to 
southern New England, Ohio, and Manitoba, and casually to District 
of Columbia and Kansas. 
515a. Rocky Mountain Pine Grosbeak (P. ¢. mon- 
tana). Similar to No. 515b, but decidedly larger, W. 
4.8, and coloration slightly darker; the adult male with 
the red of a darker, more carmine hue. (Ridgw.) 
Range.—''Rocky Mountains of United States, from Montana and 
Idaho to New Mexico.’’ (Ridgway.) 
515b. Galiforia Pine Grosbeak (P. ¢. californica). 
Similar to No. 515, but G' with red much brighter; 
feathers of back plain ashy gray without darker centers; 
@ with little if any greenish on rump. 
Range.—Higher parts of ‘‘Central Sierra Nevada, north to Placer 
County and south to Fresno County, California’ (Grinnell.) 
515c. Alaskan Pine Grosbeak (P. ¢. alascensis). 
Similar to No. 515, but decidedly larger with smaller or 
shorter bill and paler coloration, both sexes having the 
gray parts of the plumage distinctly lighter, more ashy. 
(Ridgw.) 
Range. -‘‘Northwestern North America except Pacific coast, breed- 
ing in interior of Alaska; south, in winter, to eastern British Colum- 
bia, Montana (Bitterroot Valley), etc.’’ (Ridgway.) 
515d. Kadiak Pine Grosbeak (P. ¢. flammula). 
Similar to No. 515, but with much larger, relatively 
longer and more strongly hooked bill; wings and tail 
grayish brown instead of dull blackish. 
Range.—‘‘Kadiak Island and south on the coast to Sitka, Alaska.’’ 
(Ridgway.) 
% 521. American Crossbill (Loxia curvirostra minor). 
L.6.1; W. 3.4; B..66. Tips of mandibles crossed. 
Ad. 3. Red, more or less suffused with greenish or 
yellow. Ad. 9. Olive-green, rump and underparts 
yellower. Yung. Resemble Ad. 2. Notes. Calls, 
when feeding, a conversational twittering; louder and 
more pronounced when flying; song, sweet, varied and 
musical, but of small volume. 
Range.—Northern North America, chiefly eastward; breeds from 
northern New England (in Alleghenies from Georgia) north and west 
to Alaska; winters south irregularly to Virginia and Nevada; casually 
to South Carolina and Louisiana. 
% 52!a Mexican Crossbill (L. c. stricklandi). Simi- 
lar to No. 521, but larger; W. 4; B. .78. 
Range.—‘‘Mountains of Wyoming and Colorado, west to the Sierra 
Nevada, and south through New Mexico, Arizona and the tablelands 
of Mexico to Guatemala.”’ (A. O. U.) : 
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