Perching Birds Marked With Yellow or Orange. 
497. Yellow-headed Blackbird  (Xanthocephalus 
xanthocephalus). L. 10. Ad. of. Black; head and 
breast orange yellow; outer wing-coverts white, 
black tipped. Ad. 2. Brownish, line over eye, throat 
and breast dull yellow, lower breast streaked with 
white; ear-coverts rusty. Notes. Call, a hoarse chuck; 
song, a variety of hoarse grunting, guttural whistles; 
usually uttered with apparent great effort and bodily 
contortion. The young utter a rolling, uae call. 
Range. —Western North America, east to Kansas, northern I[Ilinois, 
and northwestern Indiana; west to the Pacific coast ranges; breeds 
locally from Texas (?), New Mexico, Arizona, and Southern Californ- 
ia north to the Hudson Bay region, and southern Britlsh Columbia; 
winters from southwestern Louisiana, and California southward. 
501. Meadowlark (Sturnella magna). L. 10.7; W. 
4.8. Ads. Above black varied with chestnut and buff; 
below yellow, a black breast-crescent; bars on middle 
tail-feathers fused along shaft, yellow of throat not 
spreading on to its sides. Notes. Calls, a nasal note 
and a rolling twitter; song, a high fife like whistle of 
rarely more than eight or ten notes; without gurgles or 
grace notes. 
Range.— Eastern North America west to about Long. 100° , north to 
New Brunswick and Minnesota; winters from Massachusetts and Illinois 
southward. 
5O0la. Texas Meadowlark (S. m. hoopes?). Similar 
to No. 50rb, but yellow not spreading on to sides of 
the throat. Notes. Resemble in character those of 
No. 5o1. 
Range.—Not well determined; known from Corpus Christi, Texas, 
west along Mexican boundary to southern Arizona and northern Son- 
ora, Mexico. 
501b. Western Meadowlark (S. m. neglecta). Sim- 
ilar to No. 501, but bars on middle tail-feathers usually 
distinct, zot confluent along shaft; yellow of throat 
spreading on toits sides; general color paler. Notes. 
Calls, a liquid chack and a wooden, rolling b-r7-7-7-7-7-7-7; 
song, rich, musical, flute-like with intricate gurgles 
and grace notes; wholly unlike that of No. sor. 
501!c. Florida Meadowlark (S. m. argutula). Sim- 
ilar to No. 591, but smaller and darker; W. 4-4. 
Range.—Florida and Gulf coast to Louisiana. - 
514. Evening Grosbeak (Hesperiphona vespertina). 
L.8 Ad. g'. Brownish yellow; wings, tail, and 
crown black; exposed part of tertials white. Ad. ¢. 
Dingy brownish gray, more or less tinged with yel- 
lowish; throat and belly whitish; ¢az-coverts and tail- 
feathers, on inner web, tipped with white. Notes. 
Call, loud; song, short, but melodious, resembling that 
of Robin or Black-headed Grosbeak. (Cooper.) 
Range.—Rocky Mountain region of British America, south, in win- 
ter, to the upper Mississ\pol Valley, rarely to Ohio and casually 
through New York to New England. 
514a. Western Evening Grosbeak (H. v. montana). 
& not distinguishable from f' of No. 514; 2 more buffy, 
especially below. 
Range.—Mountains of western United States from New Mexico 
north to British Columbia. 
199 
