Perching Birds Marked With Yellow or Orange. 
EASTERN HORNED LARKS. 
474*, Horned Lark (Ofocoris alpestris). L. 7.7, W. 
’, 4.3; 2, 4.1. Hind toe-nail much the longest. Ad. 
o', winter. Throat and line over eye distinctly yellow; 
black feathers over eye lengthened, forming when raised 
little tufts; breast-patch, sides of throat, line over eye 
and forecrown black, more or less tipped, especially on 
head, with yellowish or brownish; back brownish in- 
distinctly streaked with blackish; nape, wing and tail- 
coverts pinkish brown; belly white, lower breast dusky, 
sides pinkish brown; tail mostly black, outer margin of 
outer feathers white. ', summer. Yellow areas whit- 
er; black areas more distinct; back pinker. Ad. 9, 
winter. Similar to 3’, but throat and line over eye less 
yellow; black areas smaller; back more distinctly 
streaked. 2, summer. More distinctly streaked above. 
Notes. Call, a tseep, tseep; song, an unmusical, twit- 
tering warble sung during soaring flight. 
Range.—Eastern North America; breeds in Labrador and region east 
of Hudson Bay; winters south to South Carolina (chiefly on coast) 
andin the Mississippi Valley to Illinols. 
474b. Prairie Horned Lark (O. a. praticola). W. 
SO 4; 2,3.8. Line overeye white. Similar to No. 
474, but smaller, line over eye and forehead generally 
white, the throat often white and never so yellow as 
in winter specimens of No. 474. 
Range.—Breeds in the Mississippi Valley, south to southern Illinois 
and Missouri west to eastern Nebraska and Assiniboia; east through 
northwestern Pennsylvania and central New York to western and 
northern New England; north to Quebec and Ontario; winters south 
to South Carolina, Kentucky, and Texas. 
474d. Texan Horned Lark (0. a. giraudi). W.h 
3.9; 2, 3.6. Similar to No. 474b, but somewhat 
smaller and paler; throat, forehead and line over eye 
yellow; breast, in males, generally tinged with yellow. 
Range.— Coast of Texas from Galveston to the Rio Grande, 
NORTHERN HORNED LARKS. 
474a. Pallid Horned Lark (O. a. arcticola). W. 
3, 4.4; 2, 4.2. Largest of our Horned Larks; no yel- 
Jow in plumage; throat, forehead and line over eye 
white; back brown with grayish edgings. 
Range.—‘‘In summer, Alaska (chiefly in the interior) with the Val- 
ley of the Upper Yukon River; in winter south to Oregon, Utah, and 
ontana.’’ (Oberholser.) 
474k. Hoyt Horned Lark (O. a. hoyt?). W. 3, 
4.4; 2, 4.2. Throat tinged with yellow; line over eve 
white; back darker, pink areas richer than in 474a. 
An intermediate form between Nos. 474 and 474a 
Range. —‘‘In summer, British America from the west shore of Hud- 
son Bay to the Valley of the Mackenzie River, north to the Arctic 
Coast, south to Lake Athabasca; in winter, southward to Nevada, 
Utah, Kansas, and Michigan, casually to Ohio and New York (Long 
Island).’’ (Oberholser.) 
* Fourteen subspecies of this wide-ranging, variable form are now 
recognized in America, north of Mexico. Many of them are too 
closely related to be distinguished even by detailed descriptions. When 
breeding, they may be identified, in life, by a knowledge of the area 
which each form alone inhabits at this season. But during their mi- 
grations, and in winter, when several forms may be associated, it is. 
usually not possible to Identify them in the field. The reader is re- 
ferred to admirable monographs of this group by J. Dwight, Jr. (The 
Auk, vrz, 1899, pp. 138-150), and H. C, Oberholser (Proc. U. S. Nat. 
Mus., xx1v, 1902, pp, 801-884)° 
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