Perching Birds Marked With Chestnut or Reddish Brown. 
587. Towhee; Chewink (Pipilo erythrophthalmus). 
L. 8. Three outer tail-feathers with white; iris red. 
Ad. 3. Above and breast black; sides reddish chest- 
nut; belly white. 4d. 9. Above and breast brown. 
Call, chewink or towheé; song, a loud, not over 
musical sweet bird stn-n-ng, anda tremulous refrain JJ try. 
Range.—Eastern North America, west to the Plains; breeds from 
Georgia and Louisiana north to Maine, Ontario, and Manitoba; win- 
ters from Virginia and southern Illinois to Florida and eastern Texas. 
587a. White-eyed Towhee (P. e. allen’). Similar 
to No. 587, but iris whitish; only two outer tail-feath- 
ers with white tips, or if on third, a mere spot. Notes. 
Call, towhee, much sharper than that of No. 587. 
Range.—Florida, north along coast to South Carolina. 
588. Arctic Towhee (Pipilomaculatus arcticus). L. 
8.7. Ad. §. White tip of outer tail-feather more than 1.3 
long; scapulars and back marked with white; back 
black more or less tipped with brownish. Ad. @. 
Breast and back grayish brown; fewer white markings 
thanin o. Notes. Call, a Catbird-like mew; song, 
suggesting that of No. 587, but shorter, more wooden, 
less musical. 
Range.— Great Plains; breeding from southern Montana and west- 
ern North Dakota, north to Saskatchewan; winters south and west to 
Colorado, Utah, New Mexico, and Texas; east to eastern Kansas. 
588a. Spurred Towhee (P. m. megalonyx). Simi- 
lar to No. 588, but blacker above, no brownish edgings 
on front of back; white markings on back less num- 
erous; white tip to outer tail-feather Jess than 1.3 long. 
Range.—Rocky Mountain region and west to the Pacific; breeds 
from Mexico to British Columbia; migratory In the northern part of 
range. 
588b. Oregon Towhee (P. m, oregonus). Similar 
to No. 588a, but darker; practically no brownish edg- 
ings on back of male; sides much deeper; white mark- 
ings much reduced, the white tip to outer tail-feather 
less than 1. long; sides much deeper. 
Range.—Pacific coast from San Francisco to British Columbia; 
winters south to southern California. 
588c. San Clemente Towhee (P. m. clementa). 
Similar to No. 588a, but adult male with black duller or 
grayer; female lighter brown. (Ridgw.) 
Range.—‘‘San Clemente, Santa Cruz, Santa Rosa, and Santa Cat- 
alina Islands,’’ southern California. (Grinnell.) 
288d. San Diego Towhee (P. m. atratus). Similar 
to No. 588a, but decidedly darker, with white markings 
of wings, tail, etc., more restricted; rump deep black. 
Range.—The southern coast district of southern California, south 
Into Lower California. (Ridgw.) 
588e. Mountain Towhee (P. m. maguirostris). Sim- 
ilar to No. 588, but bill much larger, rufous below pal- 
er, above browner and tinged with olive. (Brewster. ) 
ange.—Cape Region of Lower California. 
589. Guadalupe Towhee (Pzpzlo consobrinus). Sim- 
ilar to No. 588b in restriction uf white markings, but 
wings and tail much shorter, W. 3.1; T. 3.2, hind claw 
much larger; 4d. of sooty rather than black (Ridgw.) 
Range.—Guadalupe Island, Lower California. 
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