Perching Birds Chiefly Gray, Black, or Black and White. 
611. Purple Martin (Progue subis). L. 7.8. Ad. 
&. Shining blue-black, all feathers with dusky 
bases. Ad. @. Above dull blue-black; breast gray- 
ish edged with white; belly whitish. Yxg. o. Var- 
iously intermediate between 2 and Ad. ©. 
Range.—North America, except Pacific coast; breeds north to New- 
foundland and the Saskatchewan; winters in tropics. ae 
61 1a. Western Martin (P. s. hesperia). ' similar 
to f of No. 611; @ belly whiter; forehead grayish. 
Range.—Pacific coast from northern Lower California to Washing- 
ton (and British Columbia? ); winters in tropics. 
611.1. Cuban Martin (Progne cryptoleuca). W. 5.50. 
Ad. 3. With feathers of ventral region basally mark- 
ed with white. Ad. Q and Yng. 3'. With breast 
and flanks sooty grayish brown, belly pure white. 
Range.—Cuba, north in spring to southern Florida. © 
612. Cliff Swallow (Petrochelidon lunifrons). L. 
5.5. Ads. Throat chestnut, forehead and rump cin- 
namon-buff; nape gray; crown and back glossy _blue- 
black, the back streaked with white. Yung. Throat 
dusky, often mixed with chestnut; back blackish 
brown; rump cinnamon-buff, forehead usually with 
same. 
Range.—‘‘North America, north to the limit of trees, breeding 
southto the valleys of the Potomac and Ohio, southern Texas, 
southern Arizona, and California; Central and South America in win- 
ter; not recorded from Florida or West Indies.” (A. O. U.) 
6 
Mexican Cliff Swallow (Petrochelidon me- 
lanogastra). Similar to No. 612, but smaller, W. 4.1, 
forehead deeper, usually chestnut, like throat, rump 
darker, more rusty. 
Range.—Mexico, north to southern Arizona. 
613. Barn Swallow (Hirundo erythrogastra). L. 
&,7-5; 2, 6.5. Tail deeply forked. Ad. . Above 
glossy blue-black, forehead chestnut; throat and upper 
breast chestnut, belly paler. Ad. 9. Forehead, and 
underparts paler; tail less deeply forked. Notes. Song, 
a sweet, twittering, warbling song. (The notes of all 
our Swallows, while simple, are dignostic but difficult 
of description.) 
Range.—North America, north to Greenland and Alaska; breeds 
through most of range; winters south to southern Brazil. 
614. Tree Swallow (/ridoprocne bicolor). L. 6. 
Ads. Above steel-blue or steel-green; below white. 
Yung. Sooty gray above; white below. 
Range.—North America; breeds locally from Lat. 41° on Atlantic 
coast and Lat. 38° on Pacific coast north to_Labrador and Alaska; 
winters from South Carolina and southern California to the tropics. 
615. Northern Violet-Green Swallow (Tachycincta 
thalassina lepida). L.5.2; W. 4.5. Ad. %. Above 
bronze-green; upper tail-coverts greener; an indistinct 
nape-ring; mark above eye, cheeks and underparts 
white; flank-patches white, often showing from above. 
Ad. §. Much duller, the head browner, Yng. 
Above brownish sooty with a greenish tinge; a whit- 
ish mark’above and behind eye; below white. 
Range.—Western United States, from eastern base of Rockies to 
Pacific; breeds from Mexico north to British Columbia; winters in 
Mexico and Central America. 
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