Perching Birds Chiefly Gray, Black, or Black and White. 
486. American Raven (Corvus corax sinuatus). L. 
24; W. 16; B. 2.7. Ads. Resembling No. 488, in 
color but glossier below and with the feathers of throat 
narrow and lengthened; nape feathers gray at base. 
Notes. A hoarse, croaking, craack-craack, sometimes a 
deep, grunting kocer-kocer; a clucking, and a metallic 
klunk. (Bendire.) 
Range.—Western North America, from Guatemala north to British 
Columbia; east to the Rockies, west to Pacific. 
486a. Northern Raven (C. c. privctpalis). Similar 
to No. 486, but larger, L. 25; W. 17; B. 3. 
Range.—Eastern North America, from mountains of northern 
Georgia and coast of Maine, north to Greenland; west to the Rocky 
Mountains. 
487. White-necked Raven (Corvus cryptoleucus). L. 
18.5. Ads. Blue-black; feathers of throat narrow 
and lengthened and with feathers of neck all around, 
white at the base. Notes. Kwank-kwank, less loud and 
penetrating than those of No. 486. (Bendire.) 
Range.—Northern Mexico, north to western Kansas, eastern Color- 
ado (rarely), and southern California; east to western Texas. 
488. American Crow (Corvus americanus). L. 19.3; 
W. 12.1; B. 2.00. Black with steel-blue or deep, 
purplish reflections; below duller, neck feathers not 
lengthened. Notes. Caw, caw, with many variations; 
song, car-r-7-uck, 00-00-00-00-ah, 
Range.—North America, north to Arctic Circle; winters from north- 
em United States southward; docalin west. 
488a. Florida Crow (C. c. pascuus). Similar to 
No. 488, but wings and tail somewhat shorter, bill and 
feet slightly larger, W. 12; T. 7.3; B. 2.1. 
Range.—Florida. 
489. Northwest Crow (Corvus caurinus). Similar 
to No. 488 in color but smaller; L. 16; W. 11; B. 1.7. 
Range.—Northwest coast, from Oregon to Kadiak Island, Alaska. 
490. Fish Crow (Corvus ossifragus). L. 16; W. 
11; B. 1.5. Ads. Resemble No. 488, in color, but back 
feathers are uniform blue-black without dull margins; 
underparts are nearly as bright as upperparts. Notes. 
A hoarse, nasal, reedy car resembling the call of the 
young of No. 488. 
Range.—Atlantic coast north to Connecticut, (casually Massachu- 
setts), west along Gulf coast to Louisianna; resident, except at north- 
ern limit of range. 
255 
