Diseases of the Urinary System. 205 
mucilage or barley water should be used as a vehicle for 
medicines, as tartar emetic in doses of a quarter or half a 
grain twice or three times daily; or belladonna, opium, 
and camphor as anodynes ; enemas containing one of the 
three latter drugs; hot spongio-piline poultices to the 
loins, frequently renewed. Bicarbonate of soda or potash 
are also useful in rendering the urine less acid and 
aseptic. Perfect quiet is essential, and, excepting very 
moderate exercise when the patient can bear it, all severe 
movement must be carefully avoided. A form of Albu- 
minous Nephritis has also been noticed, constituting. 
true Bright's Disease. 
Calculi, or Stones in the Kidney, are by no means 
infrequent. One or both organs may be affected. They 
give rise to inflammation of the kidney, for which the 
appropriate treatment is required. 
Heematuria, or Red Water, derives its name from the 
presence of blood in the urine. 
The Causes are those which induce inflammation ; more 
commonly calculi are present, the angular projections of 
which may seriously wound the organ or cause impedi- 
ments to the flow of blood, set up inflammation, and even 
rupture of the vessels. 
Symptoms.—Urination is decoded with pain ; heat, 
with tenderness of the loins ; blood is discharged in three 
forms: during the act of urination, subsequent to it, or 
altogether independent of it. When it comes from the 
kidneys, it is diffused throughout the urine, which also 
contains threads of fibrine, not unlike small worms, either 
of a pale pink colour or white. Bleeding from the 
bladder is known by the first discharge of urine being 
free, but towards the end the blood comes floating in the 
urine. Bleeding from the urethra is unattended by signs 
of disease in the kidney or bladder. The blood is 
discharged pure and alone. 
Treatment.— Avoid blood-letting. Mucilaginous fluids, 
as linseed tea, barley water, solution of gum, beef tea, &c., 
should be given freely, in which iron and opiates (see 
Styptics) should be given. Apply hot fomentations to 
the loins, the spongio-piline poultice, mustard, or 
