206 Diseases of the Urinary System. 
ammoniacal embrocation. Enemas containing belladonna 
or opium to relieve pain and spasms. ‘Tincture of 
cantharides, in doses of two or three drops in a wine- 
glassful of water, is often very useful. 
Atrophy and Hypertrophy, terms which signify 
Wasting and Enlargement, are seen in the kidney. Few 
indications occur during life. 
Worm in the Kidney is an occasional occurrence. 
The parasite is known as ustrongylus gigas, a round 
worm, the female of which sometimes attains the length 
of three feet, and as large as the little finger. Enormous 
enlargement of the organ is one of the common results. 
The presence is not always denoted by definite signs 
during life. 
Impaction of the Ureters may arise from the ac- 
cumulation of small portions of calculi or sandy matter 
on their way from the kidneys, giving rise to acutely 
painful spasms, which yield to the action of opiates, or 
passage of the obstruction to the bladder. 
Cystitis, or /nflammation of the Bladder, may arise 
from the absorption or imprudent use of turpentine, 
cantharides, &c., internally. Enlargement of the pros- 
tate gland by disease is the more frequent cause, as it 
obstructs the flow of urine from the bladder. Stricture 
of the urethra, calculi, and parasites act similarly. 
Symptoms.—Extreme uneasiness, colic, frequent change 
of place and position, and putting the nose to the flanks, 
tenderness of the abdomen under pressure; fever is also 
present, with intense thirst; the hind limbs tremble, 
urine is voided in small quantities and under great pain, 
the bowels are costive, and vomition usually follows. 
Chronic forms greatly resemble the state of nephritis. 
Lreatment.—Hot baths, or the spongio-piline poultice 
round the abdomen and loins, with opiates, belladonna, 
&c., internally (see Anodynes), to overcome spasm of 
the urethra, and permit the flow of urine. Warm enemas 
are useful. Mucilage containing the carbonate of potash 
for drink. Pass the catheter, and remove urine. Ex- 
plore for calculus, and regulate the bowels by means of 
a laxative dose of castor-oil mixture. 
