Diseases of the Urinary System. 207 
Calculus in the Bladder occurs in both males and 
females. More than one are usually present, the smallest 
being passed with sandy matter, forming one of the best 
diagnostic signs. 
Symptoms.—Cystitis of an active kind is present-in the 
stages of early formation, but as the calculi increase in 
size and number, the disease assumes the chronic form. 
The urine at first varies in colour: when blood is present 
it is red, otherwise it may be yellow, from the accumula- 
tion of crystals deposited from the urine. Later the flow 
of urine becomes more or less constant, but of uncertain 
quantity, sometimes suddenly suppressed, and giving rise 
to severe pain internally, while externally the skin is 
excoriated and tender over which the fluid passes. 
Removal of the Stone by Operation is only possible in 
very large animals, and in them it is attended with risk, 
from the tendency to peritonitis, which is somewhat easily 
produced in the dog. 
Rupture of the Bladder follows the obstruction of 
the urethra by pressure from diseased prostate gland, or 
small calculi becoming wedged within the urethra. 
Symptoms.—The urine for some time passes only in 
drops; the animal moves very little, and always care- 
fully ; shortly the signs of acute inflammation of the 
bladder set in, and the sufferer soon sinks, and dies 
without excitement or struggle. After death the cavity 
of the abdomen contains blood and fluid, the peritoneum 
is congested, and the mucous coat of the bladder is 
acutely inflamed, the walls being torn in various direc- 
tions. When calculi have had some share in the pro- 
duction of these states, one or more may be found in 
the abdominal cavity. 
Diabetes, or profuse urination, is rarely seen in the 
dog, except as the result of the injudicious use of large 
doses of diuretic medicines. The habit of the animal to 
void urine repeatedly on being liberated for a run is due 
to the excitement of. pleasure, and perfectly natural. It 
must not, therefore, be associated with probable disease. 
Paralysis of the Bladder is the common result of 
continued retention of, and inordinate distension by, 
