14 THE COMMON COLICS OF THE HORSE 



frequent seats of obstruction from calculi, gravel, etc. 

 which have passed with ease along the more dilated 

 portion of the canal. 



The Single Colon lies in the left flank, is suspended 

 from the spine by peritoneum, and extends to the pelvis, 

 where it becomes continuous with the rectum. 



The Liver is situated principally in the right hypo- 

 chondriac region, and is placed obliquely from above 

 downwards from right to left. Its anterior face is applied 

 against the diaphragm, its posterior against the stomach 

 and intestines. The upper extremity of the right lobe is 

 in apposition with the right kidney at the space between 

 the sixteenth and seventeenth ribs ; from here the liver 

 extends downwards, inwards, and forwards, having 

 between it and the costal walls the posterior lobe of the 

 right lung and the diaphragm, and passing across the 

 abdomen its middle lobe rests on the sternum. The 

 right lobe extends as far forwards as about opposite the 

 eleventh rib, as far back as the sixteenth or seventeenth, 

 and reaches as low down as the inferior part of the middle 

 third of the ribs. It is important to remember that, 

 excepting at one small part (between the sixteenth and 

 seventeenth ribs), the right lung and diaphragm are 

 always between us and that organ, an anatomical fact 

 which renders percussion almost useless in liver disease. 



The Spleen is situated on the left side of the abdomen ; 

 it is attached superiorly to the left kidney and prerenal 

 capsule, and anteriorly by peritoneum to the greater 

 •curvature of the stomach. The base of the organ extends 

 to two or three inches behind the middle third of the last 

 rib on the left side. 



The Pancreas is situated on the double colon, to the 

 right side of the spine. At its upper part it is beneath 

 the right kidney and close against the vena cava. Its 



