INTELLIGENCE IN INSECTS 197 
the shore and set them free. That they might be easily 
recognized the bees were previously made to walk in bird 
lime and the hive was carefully watched for their return, 
but none found their way home. Another lot of bees was 
then liberated on the shore not far from the hive. In this 
region there were no flowers, consequently it was one not 
frequented by the bees, and they were no more successful 
in finding their way back than in the first experiment. A 
number of bees were next carried inland where they had been 
in the habit of foraging for honey, and liberated; nearly all 
quickly found their way back to the hive. 
Buttel-Reepen found that if a hive is carried into a new 
locality a considerable distance from its original situation 
and concealed among shrubbery or between buildings so 
that it cannot be seen from a distance, and the old bees are 
removed before they have made a trial flight, they usually 
fail to return even if they have been taken but one-hundred 
feet from the hive. If the hive is removed to a short distance 
of a few rods, numbers of the bees return to the original 
position of the hive and fly about as if in search of the hive, 
although the latter may be in plain sight. The memory 
of bees for the position of an object is apparently better than 
their memory of the object itself. In this the insect mind 
acts rather differently from that of higher animals for which 
the object, wherever situated, is the thing that usually 
determines action. 
Insects seem chained down to topographical relations and 
free themselves from their guiding influences only with 
difficulty. This is illustrated by Fabre’s experiments on the 
mason bee, Chalcidoma muraria. During the absence of the 
bee Fabre removed her nest the distance of one meter. 
The bee returned to the old locality of the nest, but failed 
to discover her own. When another nest was placed in the 
