200 INTELLIGENCE IN INSECTS 
explicable on the assumption that the bee has a memory of 
space relations and guides her flight accordingly. This con- 
clusion is supported by the results of Turner’s experiments 
on the homing of the mud dauber, which are in principle 
the same as the foregoing, although differing much in detail. 
In bees and wasps the memory of locality is shown by their 
returning repeatedly to the same spot for food. Forel in 
experimenting on the power of vision and the formation of 
associations in bees made use of variously colored paper 
flowers on each of which he placed a drop of honey. The 
artificial flowers were placed among some Dahlias which the 
bees were visiting. A red paper flower was brought near a 
bee resting on a Dahlia, but the bee was at first so occupied 
in gathering honey that she could be induced to visit the 
red flower only when the honey was brought within reach 
of her proboscis. The bee’s back was then marked 
with red paint in order that she could be distinguished 
from other:bees. When the bee returned from the hive 
she went straight for the artificial red flower, then to a blue 
artificial flower with a yellow center and finally back to the 
first. Another bee which visited a white artificial flower 
was painted yellow. On her return from the hive she flew 
to the same artificial flower and then visited two others and 
did not return to the Dahlias. Later the bulk of the bees 
which for a long time had, with few exceptions, ignored the 
artificial flowers seemed to have their attention directed to 
them by other visitors and threw themselves upon the arte- 
facts in swarms. After they had devoured the honey the 
bees began to go back to the Dahlias, but when colored 
artificial flowers devoid of honey and hence lacking an 
attractive odor were placed among the plants, many bees 
began to visit them and examine them carefully as if they 
expected to find honey there. These facts, as Forel rightly 
