INTELLIGENCE IN INSECTS 215 
The power of communication among bees is very limited. 
As the result of a long series of experiments on honey bees 
Lubbock has concluded that these insects do not lead one 
another to places where they find food. After numerous 
observations and experiments on bumble bees Wagner has 
come to a similar conclusion for these forms. In both 
hive bees and bumble bees the angry hum of a few bees is 
taken up by others and a sort of communication of anger 
spreads through the group. Similarly a note of distress, the 
“heulen,” of the hive bee which frequently follows upon 
the loss of the queen, spreads from the bees which first 
discover the loss. Another note is predominant in swarming 
time, which sometimes evokes swarming activities in neigh- 
boring hives (Buttel-Reepen). In bumble bees where the 
language of sound is apparently more simple, the hum of the 
wings, according to Wagner, serves solely as a warning of the 
presence of danger—“die Hummeln mit Hilfe ihrer Fligel 
nur von drohender Gefahr und von nichts anderem Kunde 
geben kénnen.” All of the varieties of sound which the 
bumble bees make with the aid of their wings have not the 
least effect upon their comrades, with the single exception of 
the peculiar note emitted in time of danger which serves 
most efficiently to arouse other inhabitants of the nest. 
There is nothing in the communication of ants or bees that 
calls for the exercise of much intelligence. Their language, 
like the language of animals everywhere, consists solely of 
instinctively made and instinctively recognized signs. 
BIBLIOGRAPHY 
Berne, A. Dirfen wir den Ameisen und Bienen psychiche Qualitaéten 
zuschreiben? Pfliger’s Archiv., 70, 15, ’98. 
Noch einmal iiber die psychiche Qualitaten der Ameisen, |.c. 79, 
39, ’00. P 
