INTELLIGENCE IN LOWER VERTEBRATES 223 
Many fish can easily be trained to come toward one for 
food. I have trained goldfish so that they would swim 
toward my hand to be fed, when I put it over the aquarium, 
and I find upon enquiry that many others have done the 
same. A sunfish which I kept for several months would 
take bits of snail meat out of my fingers; whenever my 
hand was brought near the water the sunfish would approach 
and hold its mouth near the surface in readiness to snap 
at the food. I gradually accustomed the fish to jump out 
of the water for the food to a distance of nearly three inches. 
I would often put my hand near the water as if I were 
holding a piece of meat. The sunfish would almost invari- 
ably come to the surface in a position of readiness for a 
leap, but it would not jump at my empty fingers. A piece 
of dark colored snail meat not much larger than a pin’s 
head or a small black mark on the end of my finger would be 
sufficient, however, to cause a jump. I noticed also that 
the fish came to be very attentive to my general movements, 
and whenever I drew near the aquarium it would be found 
pointed toward me with its head near the glass; and if I 
walked around the aquarium the fish would faithfully follow. 
Reighard in an investigation of warning coloration in fishes 
fed:a colony of snappers with small fishes of the genus 
Atherina. Some of the Atherinas were stained red and 
others were unstained, some of the red ones were rendered 
unpalatable by putting in their mouths parts of the ten- 
tacles of a large jelly fish, which were plentifully supplied 
with nettling cells. Red Atherinas were readily taken 
when thrown into the water, but those which had been made 
unpalatable with the tentacles of the jelly fish, while snapped 
up at first, were generally avoided after a few trials. There- 
after the snappers avoided the red Atherinas which had not 
been rendered unpalatable. They had come to associate the 
