THE INTELLIGENCE OF MAMMALS 245 
of the animals, or their differences in temperament and 
general intelligence, which Davis finds are very marked. 
In one case a loop was left lying upon the top of the box. 
When seen by the raccoon it was clawed back into the box 
and then pulled. Is*this merely the blind association of 
perception with motor impulse? I think not. 
Cole found that if food was put in a box and the place 
where the raccoon had formed the habit of entering was 
' closed, the animal would attempt to enter the box at other 
places. In one experiment a tight box was used with a 
hole through the top. After the raccoon had entered 
through the hole and obtained food a number of times the 
hole was closed and an opening made under one side of the 
box. At first the animal attempted to enter in the usual 
way, but finding his passage barred soon left it; after a 
second attempt he discovered the side opening, entered and 
secured the food. The side opening was then closed and a 
wire cylinder eighteen inches high placed on end over the 
original opening at the top of the box. Thirty seconds 
after the raccoon was released he had climbed up the outside 
and down the inside of the cylinder and entered the hole. 
The piece of apple in the box could not be seen, nor smelled, 
according to Cole, for “the room was full of the odor of apple.” 
The animal apparently retained an image of the apple in the 
box and realized that if he could not reach it in one way he. 
might in another. 
Such behavior, in which an animal’s activity seems to be 
directed to achieving a certain end, is not uncommon. A 
case described by Hobhouse is suggestive. A dog was 
held at the back of a house with which he was unfamiliar 
and saw his master enter by the back door and appear at a 
window in the same side of the house. “After trying to 
follow his master through the back— unsuccessfully, because 
