THE INTELLIGENCE OF MAMMALS 247 
suppose that these various objects, by association, called 
forth muscular impulses similar to those originally given, 
thereby causing the animal to keep the same path as before. 
But on the return the objects are not only met with in a 
different order, the visual fields of the animal present in 
many respects a quite different aspect, and the muscular 
impulses given at the various turns are just the reverse of 
those given as various landmarks were encountered during 
the outgoing journey. Must we not assume that in the 
animal’s mind, as in our own, there is a consciousness of the 
general space relation of objects seen along the journey and 
the animal’s own changes of position in relation to those 
objects? Does not the horse feel that he is going away 
farther and farther from his barn, although the latter cannot 
be seen, and does he not in some way keep the general 
topographical situation in mind amid all the panoramic 
scene-shiftings in his field of vision? If the horse does not 
have clearly defined ideas he seems to possess some con- 
sciousness of unperceived objects and their relation to 
present ones. Horses and other animals commonly find 
their way home over routes very different from the ones on 
which they set out, even in places, such as woods, where they 
cannot perceive the general landscape. We may say of 
course that the animal is guided by a “sense of direction,” 
but if we ascribe this faculty to the animal in any but a 
mystical sense, we can scarcely escape assuming that there is 
something that fulfils the function of a representative con- 
sciousness of the absent elements of the situation. The 
animal which makes for home by a new route cannot be said 
to be guided by sensori-motor impulses in relation to certain 
trees or rocks, because these objects have not been asso- 
ciated with any impulses in the animal’s experience. If we 
examine our own mental experience in such a situation it 
