256 THE INTELLIGENCE OF MAMMALS 
to get out by working at the spot where he had seen the 
trained rat try.” 
It is a significant fact that the untrained rat manifested 
little interest in the actions of the trained one until he found 
the latter could make his escape from the cage. If a new- 
rat were put in the cage the untrained rat would follow him 
also, but if the new rat did not get out his companion 
would soon cease to follow and imitate him. It is impossible 
to regard such imitation as this as a series of congenital 
responses to the perception of particular movements. The 
rat imitates with the aim of getting out of the cage and 
apparently recognizes in the movements of his companion 
the means of deliverance. Further evidence of intelligent 
imitation is furnished by Berry’s work on imitation in 
cats. 
The experiments of Hobhouse yielded many indications 
of imitation of the inferential type, although most of them 
leave something to be desired in the way of conclusiveness. 
Hutchinson in his valuable book on Dog Breaking says 
that dogs may be taught tricks much more readily if they 
see other dogs perform the tricks and obtain a reward 
for it. 
A general consideration of the literature on imitation in 
animals justifies us, I think, in concluding that a certain 
amount of intelligent imitation occurs in animals below the 
monkeys, but it must be admitted that there is but a 
small amount of reliable data upon which to base an 
opinion, 
We have spoken of instinctive and intelligent imitation 
as if they constituted two discrete classes of behavior. It 
is important, I believe, in studying this subject to recognize 
the kinship and transitional stages between these two kinds 
of imitative activity. Animals tend to imitate those acts 
