268 MENTAL LIFE OF APES AND MONKEYS 
of these animals throwing stones at their pursuers rest upon 
inaccurate observation; the stones, he thinks, were: merely 
knocked down unintentionally during the flight of these 
animals up a declivity. Stories of apes throwing down 
fruit and other objects from trees he thinks are based 
on the fact that these things are simply dropped when the 
animals are put to flight. Father Wasmann, who eagerly 
adopts these conclusions, proceeds to admonish us that 
the boasted intelligence of apes is entirely illusory. “Had 
apes themselves,” he tells us “but a trace of intelligence, 
they would have invented, long ago even in their free state 
of nature the use of a few simple means of defence, such 
as branches and stones. But why did they not? The only 
possible answer is: because they evidently have no intelli- 
gence. Not the brain alone makes man an intelligent being, 
but his spiritual soul, and this spiritual soul is wanting in 
the highest apes as well as in the insects.” 
If the failure of apes to use weapons of defence is indicative 
of lack of intelligence, we may fairly conclude that where 
weapons are used there is evidence that intelligence exists. 
Whether or not baboons use sticks and stones in the way 
alleged, there is good evidence that other members of the 
ape tribe sometimes employ them as a means of attack. 
Miss Romanes says regarding her Cebus: ‘To-day a strange 
person (a dressmaker) came into the room where he is tied 
up, and I gave him a walnut that she might see him break 
it with his hammer. The nut was a bad one, and the woman 
laughed at his disappointed face. He then became very 
angry, and threw at her everything he could lay hands 
on; first the nut, then the hammer, then a coffee-pot which 
he seized out of the grate, and, lastly all his own shawls. 
He throws things with great force and precision by holding 
them in both hands, and extending his long arms well back 
