XVI REFORMS IN CONDITIONS OF SUPPLY 279 



A water supply is required for the cowshed both to supply 

 the cows and for cleaning purposes. In a number of cowsheds 

 the arrangement adopted is to supply the water, by gravity 

 or by pumping, to a covered tank, and from this the water 

 gravitates as required to a long iron gutter running the whole 

 length of the shed in front of the cows. Such gutters should 

 not be less than 9 inches wide. When separate troughs are 

 provided they may be of stone or concrete. A water supply 

 should also be available for washing down the cowshed. 

 Obviously a proper impervious floor is necessary before this 

 can be done. 



2. Clean Milking. — It cannot be too strongly emphasised 

 that milking is a process, and a process which has to be 

 repeated at regular intervals. Being a process, and not a 

 concrete matter which can be settled once for all, it is essential 

 that those who carry it out should understand clearly the 

 nature of the ritual required, and appreciate adequately the 

 results to be attained from such a ritual. In other words, 

 clean milking can only be attained by those who understand 

 both what cleanliness means and how to ensure it. Clean 

 milking is essentially a result of education. While, on the 

 one hand, it is true to say that clean milk can only be 

 obtained by a milker who has been educated to the apprecia- 

 tion of cleanliness in milking, it is equally true to state that 

 clean milk is impossible unless certain simple environmental 

 conditions connected with milking are fulfilled. These con- 

 ditions are clean cows, clean milkers, clean vessels, and clean 

 sheds. The attainment of these conditions will now be 

 considered. 



Clean Cotos. — The cow is naturally an animal which pro- 

 duces with ready facility manure and milk. The object of 

 clean milking is to keep the two apart. To keep cows clean 

 they require to be groomed. The farmer, confronted with his 

 manure-caked herd of cows, almost invariably rejects such a 

 proposal as impossible, and, if not impossible, certainly as 

 wholly impracticable. He has said the same in the past of 

 many other things, and this will, it is to be hoped, follow the 



excessive amount of moisture, but suoli larvae were present wlien horse-manure 

 vi'as mixed with it. He also notes that the admixture of straw with cow-manure 

 would produce similar results. 



