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of lime — or what is more commonly known as lime water, syringed upon the plant at 

 the time you think these spores are making their appearance it will have a tendency 

 to diminish their numbers. It has also been found that the use of sulphate of copper 

 is productive of excellent results — either taking sulphate of copper alone, oi- it is 

 particularly effective if it has lime with it. In that mixed form it seems to be pro- 

 ductive of very satisfactory results. We combat them, therefore, by the use of 

 lime or by the use of sulphate of copper and lime. Of course, one would take the 

 precaution to remove all leaves that may be lying around and decayed fruit that 

 has resulted from the attacks of the spores and have them destroyed ; because they 

 are carrying these spores in them. By adopting these remedies the injurious 

 effects of this fungus may he greatly prevented, — that is, the application of hydrate 

 of lime at the proper season of the year, the application of sulphate of copper and 

 lime, the application of sulphate of iron, lime and sulphur, the removal of affected 

 parts, and having varieties of plants that are not found to be liable to attack. 



Let us now look at ^o. 2. We have what is called the Powdery Mildew, or 

 what is technically termed Uncinula Spiralis, an entirely different fungus. Here 

 you have a fungus that has quite a different form of reproduction for the propaga- 

 tion of the species. We have types of the fungi here well worthy of our consider- 

 tion, because they appear on other plants as well. In the first place, this is not in 

 tbe plant. It is on the plant; it is on the leaf, on the outside. It does not get into 

 the leaf like the first did, or get in among the tissues among the cells, and shove its 

 little thread-like structures into them, permeating the whole leaf and affecting it 

 until it is destroyed. 'Tere you have the spore falling on the leaf and growing as it 

 were on the outside, and throwing down little sucker-like arrangements into the 

 leaf and feeding upon its tissue. These spots when they first appear have a sort of 

 greyish look. They have not the clear, white look that you see in the Downy 

 Mildew. But aa the time rolls on the plant has its vitality greatly impaired. What 

 has happened ? Some of these spores have got on to the plant, and as soon as they 

 have rooted it grows in stalk-like form, not in the pretty tree-like structure that you 

 saw in the other mildew ; not coming up through the holes in the stomata, but 

 growing from the surface, and the end of the stalks become somewhat contracted, 

 taking a sort of oval shape. One drops off and then another, and so on. That is 

 one form in which these reproduce themselves. A little further on in the life 

 history of the fungus where two of these threads happen to overlap they begin 

 there to form a peculiar structure — a sort of nut-like form. If you open up that 

 seed-like body you will find inside of it structures as are here represented loUing 

 out. Inside of these are innumerable spores. You see it is quite a different growth 

 from the former. The first is a form of spore that is produced during the earlier 

 seasons of the year to carry on the rapid growth of the plant. The last is a little 

 later on, and is to carry the trouble into another year. In this centre you have the 

 peculiar flask-like bodies that I described, containing spores. The former may be 

 termed a sexuul form, and the latter the sexual. How are we going to combat 

 against this? Those who have made it a special study have found that there are 

 certain chemicals that have a very desirable effect. One of these is sulphur. When 

 sulphur is thrown over the leaf it has a tendency to destroy the vitality of these 

 spores and to keep them in check. Not only sulphur, but they find that this 

 sulphate of copper and lime is very productive of good results. To seme extent 

 also, sulphate of iron. So there are three chemicals that have been productive of 

 good results in the case of this Powdery Mildew. Sulphur alone, or lime and 

 sulphate of copper, or sulphate of iron. Then, again, the same remedy would come 

 in here of destroying everything that you might imagine was affected with these 

 spores. 



We now come to our third type, Laestadia Bidwellii, or what is known as the 

 black rot in grapes. This attacks more especially the fruit. The others may attack 

 the leaves or the young shoots or the fruit, and generally the small fruit ; but this 

 comes on after tbe fruit has got about two-thirds its size, and the result is that it has 

 a very injurious effect. Let us look into the life history of this. Here is an affected 



