WOEMS. 239 



their heads in a strange way, to one side, bent back, 

 or turned up. They often run round in a large circle. 

 There may also be gnashing of the teeth, foaming at 

 the mouth, squinting, convulsive movements, and loss 

 of consciousness.) The symptoms of the disease in its 

 second stage are the result of pressure on the brain 

 and some of the arteries of the brain and skull. (The 

 sheep affected separate themselves from the others, 

 and generally hang their heads. Gaze fixed. Occa- 

 sional loss of consciousness. Movements strange ; run 

 or turn round in a circle. The sheep often staggers 

 and falls to the ground. The bones of the skull 

 become thinner at the place under which the bladder- 

 worm is found, sometimes even as thin as paper.) 



Remedies : Trepanning, as the bladders lie just 

 underneath the roof of the skull. Prevention: Re- 

 ducing the number of sheep-dogs; giving the dogs 

 medicine to rid them of tapeworms in spring and 

 summer; administering a specific to the yearling 

 sheep in July and August, suitable for driving out 

 any tapeworm larvae which may be present in their 

 intestines; burning (instead of burying) the heads 

 of sheep affected with staggers which have died or 

 been slaughtered. It is but rarely that all the larvse 

 living on the surface of the brain die between the 

 first and second stages of the disease. A sheep 

 affected by gid is therefore almost sure to die, and 

 should be slaughtered as soon as possible. Compare 

 "false gid," p. 189. 



The Minute Tapeworm of the Dog {Taenia echimococcus) 



is at most scarcely one-sixth of an inch long, and 

 consists of only three or four joints, often lives in 

 large numbers in the intestine of the dog without 

 injuring its host, but causes huge cysts (from the size 

 of a pigeon's egg to that of a child's head) in the 

 liver, lungs, or other organs of man, pig, and 

 ruminants. These cysts are of the type represented 



