FISH AND FISHERIES. 11 
purpose of spawning. They are not taken into account in this estimate. 
“They are,” says Giinther, “subject in their distribution to the 
influences of light and the temperature of the surface water,” but they 
are independent of the variable local conditions which tie the shore fish 
to its original home. Deep-sea fishes, or those which inhabit great 
depths so as not to be influenced by light and temperature, do not come 
into our estimate at all. 
The following are the families of fishes represented more or less 
numerously in New South Wales, the numbers following being the 
number of species :— 
Percide, 50; Squamipinnes, 4; Nandide, 2; Mullide, 3; Spa- 
ride, 14 ; Cirrhitide, 6 ; Scorpenide, 11; Teuthidide, 2; Berycide, 3; 
Kurtide, 2; Polynemide, 2; Scisnide, 2; Xiphiide, 1; Trichiuride, 
1; Acronuride, 1; Carangide, 15; Cyttide, 1; Coryphenide, 2; 
Scombride, 10; Trachinide, 5; Batrachide, 1; Pediculati, 4; Cottide, 
7; Cataphracti, 1; Gobiide, 15; Blenniide, 17; Sphyrenide, 3; 
Atherinide, 4; Mugilide, 7; Fistularide, 1; Ophiocephalidsé, 1 ; 
Trachypteride, 1; Pomecentride, 4; Labride, 18; Gadopside, 1; 
Gadide. 4; Pleuronectide, 9; Siluride, 5; Scopelide, 6; Salmonide, 
1; Galaxide, 7; Scombresocide, 6; Clupeide, 12; Chirocentride, 1; 
Symbrachide, 1; Murenide, 11; Syngnathide, 6; Sclerodermi, 21 ; 
Gymnodontes, 12; Carcharide, 8; Lamnide, 1; Scyllide, 3; Cestra- 
ciontide, 2; Spinacide, 1; Rhinide, 1; Pristiophoride, 1; Rhino- 
batide, 2; Trygonide, 3; Torpedinide, 1; Raiide, 1. 
Of these 59 families 16 have only 1 species; 8, only 2 species; 5, 
only 3, and not quite half have more than 3; the largest 50, the next 
14, the average about 6. 
In the above families there are certain genera and species which are 
peculiar to the southern temperate zone. This of course includes all 
the coasts of islands and the continent south of the tropics. This zone 
is characterized by a striking feature, which is visible in the molluscan 
and other marine kingdoms, and is also to a certain extent in the land 
fauna and flora. It is the reappearance of genera and species which are 
common in the northern temperate zone. The species are said by Giin- 
ther to be Chimera monstrosa, Galeus canis, Acanthias vulgaris, A. blain- 
villeit, Rhina squatina (Angel Shark), The John Dorey (Zeus faber), 
Lophius piscatorius, (the Angler-fish) Engraulis encrassicholus, (the » 
Anchovy), Clupea sprattus (the Sprat), Conger vulgaris (Conger eel), 
Centriscus scolopax (Trumpet or Bellows fish), found in Tasmania. It 
must be said however that some of these instances, such as the Sprat 
and the Anchovy, are of doubtful occurrence, and there are sufficient 
differences in the John Dorey, and some of the cartilaginous fishes, as 
to make many regard them as distinct species. 
Instances of genera the same as in the northern temperate zone are 
still more abundant, and we have the following on the coast of New 
South Wales. The Heterodontus, which is found in Japan and Cali- 
fornia, but also in the tropics (Amboyna), Pristiophorus (saw-sharks, 
found also in Japan), Raia or thornbacks, Girella (black-fish), Chilo- 
dactylus (the long-finned sea perches, found also on the coasts of China 
and Japan), Sebastes (rock-fish), Aploactis, Lotella (rock cod), Aulopus 
(Sergeant Baker). 
