FISH AND FISHERIES. 167 
punishment of offences against the Customs Laws of the said two Colonies 
respectively committed on the said river, and for the regulation of the 
navigation of the said river by vessels belonging to the said two Colonies 
respectively: Provided also that it shall be competent for the Legisla- 
tures of the said two Colonies, by laws passed in concurrence with each 
other, to define in any different manner the boundary-line of the said 
two Colonies along the course of the river Murray, and to alter the 
other provisions of this section.” By virture of the Order in Council 
already referred to, Pental Island, on the river Murray, was declared 
to belong to Victoria, and not to New South Wales. Until, therefore, 
by the concurrent legislation of the Colonies concerned, the river 
boundary-line of this Colony is altered, the channel of the river Murray 
from the intersection of that river by the 141st meridian belongs to New 
South Wales, and, of course, with the channel or watercourse of the 
river, all incident. powers of legislation, and all territorial jurisdiction in 
and over the water and soil of the river must be considered to have 
passed to and become vested in New South Wales, subject to the express 
provisoes declared by the Act. ' 
It only remains to consider what is the seaward limit of the juris- 
diction on our eastern seaboard and on the coasts of our dependencies. 
It may be considered as a rule of law firmly established on the 
authority both of publicists and decided cases, that the portion of the 
sea washing the coast of a maritime State which lies within the range 
of cannon-shot,from land, is the territorial property of that State, and 
subject to its municipal jurisdiction, but that beyond that limit and out 
of the reach of cannon-shot, ‘“‘ common or universal use” (to use the 
words of Lord Stowell), is presumed. The sea within this limit of 
cannon-shot, or as the limit has in modern times been expressed—one 
marine league or 3 miles—is considered to belong to every independent 
maritime State. 
FISHES PROTECTED BY THE ACT. 
Schnapper, black bream, silver bream, black fish, black rock cod, 
red rock cod, Gurnets, flatheads, mullets (including Filat-tail and 
sand mullets), whiting, flounders, soles, pike, trevally, garfish, crayfish, 
Murray cod, and Murray perch. 
Cormorants on Saas. 
Ag these birds are found to abound on the coast, and to be most 
destructive to fish, regulations are to be framed by the Commissioners 
for the payment of rewards to those who kill them, but the sum must not 
exceed 1s. per bird. The following short description and nomenclature of 
those species which are ordinarily found on our seaboard and rivers has 
been supplied by the Curator of the Australian Museum, Mr. E. P. 
Ramsay, F.L.8. :— 
1. Great Black Shag (Graculus nove hollandic). Black all 
over ; bill and skin round face, black ; sometimes when breeding 
a white spot on the thighs and a few white strie on the neck. 
2. Small Black Shag (Graculus stictocephalus). Glossy black all 
over ; bill and skin round face, black ; eye, green. 
3. Small Black and White Shag (Graculus melanoleucus). Sides 
of the head and all under side, white ; top of the head and all 
upper parts, black ; skin round face, and the bill, yellow. 
