ANAISTHESIA OF THE HORSE. 35 
x 
that had died during the administration of chloroform, Kemp! found 
an enormous hypertrophy of the heart and a valvular endocarditis 
with aneurism of the aortic sigmoid valves. Following chloro- 
formic narcosis, inflammatory lesions of the pituitary membrane 
and of the mucous membrane of the sinuses and also pneumonia 
have been observed. (Jacobi, Ries.) 
In may, cases of death during anesthesia by chloroform are rare, 
none having ever been observed by the surgeons, who daily perform 
many operations in the hospitals. Kénig has given it to 7000 
patients and Nussbaum to 15,000 without a single accident. When 
Billroth lost his first patient, he had already used it without harm in 
12,500 cases. General statistics from German surgeons, however, 
show more serious losses: 99 deaths out of 285,380 persons put to 
sleep, or 1 for every 2,880, At the last German Congress of Surgery, 
Gurlt reported from 163,490 cases 61 deaths, an ayerage of 1 in 
2,680. From 32,725 chloroform cases, there were1t7 deaths, 1 for 
1,924; when a mixture of ether and chloroform was used, the 
mortality was 1 in 8,014; when ether, 1 in 26,268. Lépine says 
that, taking into consideration the number of accidents unpublished, 
*‘it can be assumed that there is at least one case of death out of 
1,200 where chloroform is used.” * On that amount Korte, Landau, 
Vogel,# Poncet, Augagneur, Gangolphe 5 have tried to have the use 
of ether prevail. 
Graded mixtures of air and chloroform (method of Clover and 
P. Bert), recently recommended by Dubois, require the use of special 
apparatus, which is not used for animals. at 
The Combination Method—inhalations of chloroform after injection 
of morphine and atropine—recommended for dogs by Dastré and 
Morat, can be used for anesthesia of solipeds. Toa horse of middle 
size an injection of 10 or 15 centigrammes of muriate of morphine 
and 5 milligrammes of sulphate of atropine, in a solution of 10 
grammes of distilled water, is given. Half an hour after the injec- 
tion, the animal is thrown and the administration of chloroform 
begins ; aneesthesia takes place rapidly. Inthe experiments that we 
have made with Desoubry, it was obtained in about 7 minutes. 
The average dose of chloroform required was about 65 grammes. 
The same substance administered alone would not produce narcosis 
in-less than 15 minutes; the average quantity required would be 
120 grammes. Non-appearance or diminution of the period of ex~ 
citement, and the certainty of avoiding cardiac syncope, are the 
principal advantages of this method. 
1 Kemp, American Veter. Review, 1883, p 498. 
. 2 Gurit, Deutsche med. Zeitung, 1894, Berlin. Thierarztl. Wochenschr., 1894, p- 357+ 
3 Lepine, Semaine Médicale, 1894, p. 301- ; ’ 
@ Korte. LANDAU, VoGEL, /é7d., 1894, p. 62, 111, 126. 
5 PonceT, AUGAGNEUR, GANGOLPHE, Mercredi médical, 1894, Pp. 211, 225) 247- 
