ANAISTHESIA OF RUMINANTS AND SWINE. 39 
hypnone, urethane, paraldehyde and benzine. Inhalations of the last 
agent had brought on a state of excitement, followed by drowsi- 
ness after about 10 minutes and afterwards a quiet sleep, which 
might be continued by renewed inhalations (Harms). 
. ANESTHESIA OF RUMINANTS AND SWINE,. 
On these animals, few operations are performed with anesthesia. 
The experiments of Tabourin and Saunier have shown that ether 
and chloroform may be administered to the large ruminants without 
running any greater risks than with other animals. Nigotin thinks 
ether dangerous for cattle and recommends chloral (50 to 75 grammes) 
given per mouthful. Harms suggests the inhalation of benzine. 
“But for animals which are to be butchered, when a certain degree of 
anesthesia is to be obtained for surgical purposes alcoholic prepara- 
tions are preferable. For small bovines, the best way is to give them 
a large dose of brandy or of rum (one-half to one litre). . After five 
or ten minutes, numbness begins, and by degrees becomes more 
accentuated. Intoxication brings on perfect relaxation of the 
muscles. 
ANASTHESIA OF THE DOG AND CAT. 
In laboratories, for the performance of the operations necessitated 
by the study of physiology and experimental pathology (removal of 
the spleen, of the kidneys, of the pancreas, of the liver, secretion of. 
the ‘stomach, or removal of the thyroid gland), aneesthesia of these 
animalsis often required. But, for surgical operations, these animals 
are rarely put under the influence of an anesthetic. Practitioners pre- 
fer to operate in private, with the subjects wholly conscious; they 
thus avoid inopportune surprise and loss of time. Except laparatomy, 
cesarian operations, the dislocation or removal of the crystalline 
lens, or the removal of some malignant growths, operations can be 
easily performed on dogs without anesthesia. Even kelotomy is 
a very simple operation, without narcosis. 
Some recommend ether, others prefer chloroform. In the case of 
carnivorous animals, since respiration takes place through the 
mouth as well as through the nose, it is dangerous to suppress the 
former air passage by closing it with a ligature or a muzzle. The 
dog should be held in a costal position, with its jaws free or kept 
apart with a speculum; chloroform should be given through the 
nostrils or both through them and through the mouth, by placing 
near these openings a pad of wadding or a small sponge moist with 
chloroform. This process, as in the case ofother animals, is not free 
from danger. Ether is administered in the same manner. 
To obtain a more rapid narcosis and reduce the dangers, the 
