44 VETERINARY SURGICAL THERAPEUTICS. 
hard, and insensible, especially if, with this application, pressure 1S 
made upon the skin. ; 
The surgical action, when it is not too deep, produces no pau and 
no hemorrhage. But as the anesthesia is of short duration one 
must operate quickly. nae 
2. Nebulization of Ether.—To produce local anesthesia upon the 
operating field a throwing of vapors of ether has been tried. To 
increase the effects of the ether some was poured over the surface of 
the skin drop by drop and the evaporation stimulated either bya 
strong draft of air or by blowing over it witha bellows. Richard- 
son has rendered local etherization more practical by the use of the 
atomizer bearing his name. (Fig. 28.) With ether at 40° one may 
obtain with this atomizer a local ischemia and anesthesia which 
permit a painless performance of slight operations (cutaneous diere- 
sis and exeresis), The action of the evaporation is more rapid and 
Fig. 28.—Richardson’s atomizer. 
complete if, before the nebulization, a bandage o. Esmark has been 
applied. Inflamed structures are quite difficult to anesthetize. For 
them freezing mixtures are better. 
Sulfide of Carbon possesses no advantage over ether. 
Chloride of Methylene, used with much success for man in obsti- 
nate cases of neuralgia, has a too powerful freezing action. It ren- 
ders the skin insensible in a few seconds, often freezing it, and 
occasions a more or less extensive slough. 
Anaesthesia with Cocaine.—In 1862 Schroff had already shown that 
the lingual mucous membrane could be rendered insensible with a 
solution of cocaine. The same result was observed by Fauvel in 
the case of the pharynx. In 1884 Kollerrecommended it as an excel- 
lent anesthetic for the membranes of the eye and of the larynx. Vul- 
