116 VETERINARY SURGICAL THERAPEUTICS. 
ulcers, which are the seat of phlegmasic phenomena, more or less 
severe ; 2. Fungous ulcers, characterized by exuberant granulations ; 
3. Atomic ulcers, without vital reaction of the affected tissues ; 4. Callous 
ulcers, with indurated borders, cartilage-like, due to a chronic inflam- 
mation of long duration ; 5. Phagedenic ulcers, which spread rapidly 
by a quick and continued mortification of the borders. 
A great number of ulcers, especially those which result from a chronic 
simple phlegmasia or from repeated irritations, get well rapidly ; for 
these, all that is required is to place the diseased region under favor- 
able conditions, protect it from the influences which have given rise to 
it, and continue the same course. Others, notwithstanding the taking 
of energetic measures, require a long time to heal. According to the 
-case, antiseptics, excitants, caustics, the bistoury or the red iron are to 
‘be used. 
Painful, erethistic inflammatory ulcers must be treated with sprayings 
or warm antiseptic baths, and cocained or iodoformed vaseline appli- 
cations. Wadded dressings, covered with an elastic band to apply 
moderate pressure, are often beneficial. 
Against fungous ulcers, astringents may do good. But at times the 
granulations must be destroyed with caustics (nitrate of silver, sulphate 
of copper, chromic acid or permanganate of potasstum), with the cautery, 
or be excised with scissors, the bistoury or the curette. Antisepsis and 
elastic compressions do the rest. 
altomic ulcers are treated with light and repeated cauterization of 
nitrate of silver or the hot iron, then with antiseptic dressings. 
To bring a more active vascularity to ca//ous ulcers,and keep inthem 
the necessary hyperemia for granulating, one must use damp heat, alone 
or combined with elastic pressure. There are cases where recovery is 
obtained only by destruction of the edges of the wound, with the bis- 
toury, caustics or the actual cautery. 
Phagedenic ulcers require a quick interference. They are treated 
with the solutions of carbolic acid, creolin, or chloride of zinc, used in 
lotions or in baths, or by iodoform dressing, changed often. Should 
‘these be powerless to stop the invading march of the ulcer, the red 
iron has to be used. 
The therapeutics of Symptomatic ukers is united with that of the 
affection to which they belong. In some cases, a local treatment is 
sufficient ; in others it is necessary to add to it an internal medication 
(tonics, alkalines, arsenic. ) 
