I42 VETERINARY SURGICAL THERAPEUTICS. 
result is often obtained for wounds of the lips, of the nostrils, eyelids, 
and for those which, in all regions, involve only the skin and the super- 
ficial subcutaneous layers. 
Upon animals that work in railroad stations, mines, and iron found- 
ries, more extensive and deeper lesions can be seen,—wounds with tear- 
ing of the muscles, and the tendons, and with fractures. Rey has 
telated the case of a horse, which was thrown on the rails while draw- 
‘ing cars, and was dragged thirty meters and found covered with 
wounds, the lower jaw having been fractured as far as the neck, hooked 
to a switch, the bone had been fractured and its lower part was held 
only by a thin band of tissue. Violent contusions applied obliquely, 
and bites also, give rise sometimes to lesions resembling torn wounds. 
There are several cases of horses, an ear of which has been taken off 
by a bite or by a kick. 
Large tearings, when curable, must be treated as contused wounds. 
‘They must be carefully disinfected with washes or warm antiseptic 
baths, and their edges brought close together with sutures and covered 
with an iodoform dressing. A simpler and more economical treatment 
‘consists in washing them frequently and covering them with absorbent 
or antiseptic powders. ; 
When these injuries are situated on the legs, continued irrigation is 
ordinarily employed. (See Wrenching of the Hoof.) 
VI. 
WOUNDS FROM BITES. 
These wounds have various characters, according to the animal that 
has made them. They may have the aspect of cuts, punctures, 
bruised, contused or torn wounds. Those made by horses are prin- 
cipally contusions or contused wounds; the tissues are bruised and 
crushed ; two curved marks separated by an oval tumefied zone are 
sometimes made on the skin by the incisives; when the skin is torn, 
the wound is, ordinarily, irregular and ragged, even sometimes when the 
edges are clean. Wounds made by large ruminants, rare and not se- 
rious, look, also, like contusions and contused wounds. In the bites of 
dogs, the wounding dental arches make several punctures, with crushing, 
cuts, and tearings of the tissues. With those of cats, one or several 
punctures, generally somewhat deep, are found made by the canines. 
Bites of large carnivorous animals are terrible ; often there are lacera- 
tion of tissues and disorders rapidly fatal. Some birds with their 
straight or crooked beaks may make bites by punctures or by tearing. 
Large bites made by horses are rather often complicated with crushing 
of bones; the muscular force that closes the jaws is considerable; 
