CHILBLAINS—-FROST-BITES—CONGELATIONS., 155 
Bou-Taleb, about a quarter of the men of a regiment died from cold, 
while the horses suffered no accident, though they camped in the full 
wind. In Crimea, where the horses of this same regiment had to stand, 
at Kamiéche, a temperature of —18-22°, it was the same (Decroix). 
But upon horses deprived of food, cold may produce severe frost-bites 
and fatal accidents.—The various breeds are not equally sensitive to 
low temperatures. During the Crimean war, Arabs’ barb horses resisted 
cold a great deal better than English, and the severe winter of 1870— 
1871 was less fatal to African than to French horses. Clipping reduces 
very much the resistance of solipeds to cold (Wolf).—In cattle, chil- 
blains of the scrotum and of the skin of the interior part of the legs are 
often observed (Stottmeister, Méller); they also occur on the paws of 
dogs and the claws, ears and the comb of fowls. 
Moist cold acts more severely than dry. On that account, in all 
species, congelations of the extremities are much more common. ‘The 
effects of long action of ice-water, snow or cold mud, upon the lower 
regions of the legs are well known. In horses these effects are often 
manifested by a more or less extensive gangrene of the skin of the 
coronet, fetlock or canon. We may remark, however, that this trouble 
is very much favored by preexisting traumatic lesions ; and that, often, 
the cold is assisted by an infectious process (I. Gangrenous Dermatitis). 
Notwithstanding the sub-horny tegumentary membrane of the foot of 
horses is so well protected, it may be affected by the cold, as is proven 
by the facts recorded during the Russo-Turkish war (Jewsejenko). 
This membrane becomes inflamed and rapidly necrosed at the point of 
the solutions of continuity, when it is exposed on those points to the 
action of snow or cold mud. 
There are three degrees of local frost-bites, as of burns. In the 
Jirst, the skin is thickened and congested ; in all white-skinned animals 
and in horses, in the region where the skin has no pigment, it is of a 
purplish red color and the subcutaneous tissue is infiltrated; in the 
second, the epidermis, raised by a citrine or bloody serosity, becomes 
loose and leaves exposed the tumefied, cedematous dermis, red brown 
covered with grayish ulcerations, and sometimes deeply cracked ; in 
the ¢hird, there is slough of the skin, and of a variable thickness of the 
tissues underneath; the tegument is livid in color, covered here and 
and there with phlyctens, while in other places it is transformed into 
black or more or less discolored eschars; at times the mortification 
extends deeply, and the sloughing of congealed parts exposes to view 
tendons, bones, large vessels and synovial membranes. In a cow 
affected with frost-bites on the four extremities, Stottmeister saw that 
the dropping of the eschars uncovered bones and articulations.* 
* The translator has observed cases in New York, when the practise of salting the 
streets after heavy snow storms was followed, where the entire skin of the inside of 
