BURNS. 157° 
In frost-bites of the third degree, when attempts have failed to restore: 
the tissues, when they are positively sphacelated, one must wait for the 
dropping of the eschars, watching how it progresses and frequently 
washing the parts with antiseptic solutions so as to avoid the infec- 
tious complications that may occur (pyohzmia, septicemia). Deep or 
very extensive sloughs on large animals demand the killing of the sub- 
jects. In the case of dogs and cats there are circumstances where. 
amputation of a leg is performed. 
In the case of animals affected with extensive or total congelation fol- 
lowed by general disorders, one must employ first, as in cases of local 
attack, friction, with snow or cold water, then dry, and stimulating fric- 
tions. Stimulants should be given internally—coffee, tea, wine, alcohol. 
The rapid warming by exposure to fire or by staying in a warm atmos- 
phere is extremely dangerous. It promotes thrombosis, embolism, and 
fatal visceral congestions. 
II. 
BURNS. 
The lesions produced in animals by heat and caustic substances in- 
clude all degrees of gravity, from simple erythema to extensive and 
deep disorganizations, which kill in short time. 
As the result of direct action upon the tissues, of heat or of caustics, 
burns may be produced by solids, liquids or gases. Those that are 
mostly observed in large animals are due to the combustions of solids, or 
of irritant gases, and are produced by burning buildings. Not only 
great surfaces of the superficial regions are carbonized, but warm, irrit- 
ant, asphyxiating gases enter the respiratory tracts and promote a severe 
inflammation of the mucous membrane (coryza, laryngitis, bronchitis, 
pneumonia). Ifa great number of the animals, whose skin has thus 
been scorched, die, itis not the result of the cutaneous asphyxia, or of 
the arrest of the functions of the skin, as pretended by some authors ; 
death is most commonly due to the phlegmasia of the respiratory mem- 
brane, brought on by the irritant action of the smoke. 
Warm water, when below 100°, gives rise only to a more or less acute 
erythema; boiling liquids—simple water, salt water, oil especially— 
produce severe burns of the skin, sometimes of the mucous membranes ; 
and the action of liquid caustics not uncommonly goes beyond the. 
tegumentary structures. Dogs and cats are especially exposed to burns. 
by boiling liquids. Horses and cattle are also, when they receive 
fumigations with too hot water (Rainard). Rey has often treated burns 
made by quicklime on the extremities of horses. He also recorded the 
case of a horse which had his four extremities deeply burnt with sul-- 
phuric acid. Fiedeler saw two horses which had accidentally fallen 
