202 VETERINARY SURGICAL THERAPEUTICS. 
It is known that these germs have especially for habitat, plants, more 
particularly the gramineous, and among them barley and wheat. They are 
abundant in damp countries and during rainy seasons. As all fungi, they 
like darkness, heat, and dampness. They have been found in the glumes 
of wheat fixed in the tonsils, cheeks, and tongues of cattle (Johne, Piana). 
It is by eating contaminated seeds or forage that herbivorous animals are 
ordinarily inoculated. Thus it is also that the fungi may enter by way ofa 
cutaneous wound, when animals are lying on beds which contain them, or 
tub themselves against soiled substances, trees or posts covered with them. 
That they are caused by plants cannot be doubted, since the belief is 
based upon numerous facts. This explains well the frequency of the 
disease among herbivorous animals and its extreme rarity among other 
species. 
All forms of actinomycosis, and especially those of buccal localizations, 
are observed less frequently at the time of the year when animals are kept 
in the pasture, than in winter when they are fed on dry food which 
wounds the buccal mucous membrane and makes a way for the entrance of 
the actinomycites (Eckert, Claus, Klepzoff). At the abattoir of Moscow, 
towards the end of 1893, the cases of buccal actinomycosis were twenty 
times more numerous than during the summer and fall of the preceding 
year (Klepzoff). 
While offering noticeable differences, the statistics made by veterinarians 
of the countries where the disease prevails, show that actinomycosic lesions 
of the head, neck and skin are much the more common. Statistics of 
Claus give the following figures: Actinomycosis of the maxillaries (especi- 
ally the lower ones), 51 per cent. ; of the tongue, 29 per cent.; of the 
pharynx and peripharyngeal structures, 7 per cent.; of the larynx and 
trachea, 6 percent. ; of the thoracic and abdominal organs and other regions, 
7 percent. In those of Imminger, while actinomycosis of the tongue is men- 
tioned only at 4-8 per cent., the localizations in other parts of the head and 
neck amount to 85-90 percent. In 15 diseased cattle 14 had the 
maxillaries affected. In 541 observations gathered by Mary are found: 
271 lesions of the skin; 177 of the sub-maxillary glands ; 117 of the 
bones of the head; 51 of the retro-pharyngeal glands; 38 of the superior 
cervical glands; 29 of the lungs; 5 of the inferior cervical glands; 5 of 
the tongue; 4 of the pharynx; 4 of the bronchial glands; 4 of the dia- 
phragm ; 7 of the other organs (Friedberger and Frohner). At the abattoir 
of Petersburg, where Ignatjew counts actinomycosis on about 10 per cent. 
of the cattle of Southern Russia, localizations on the lips and lower maxil- 
lary are the most frequent. 
Most external actinomycoses exhibit the following aspects: Hard tumors, 
and an immediate inflammatory indurations and true neoplasms, hollowed 
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