FRACTURES. 420. . 
ture. A steel needle (negative pole) is introduced in the fibrous callus: 
a chamois skin applied on the surrounding cutaneous surface is used as. 
positive reophore. 
Another mode consists in starting therapeutic congestion on a level with 
the pseudo-arthrosis. This is obtained by applying a rubber roller, not too. 
tight, above the fracture, after this has been consolidated by an immovable 
apparatus. ‘The authors who have employed this method of artificial con- 
gestion claim to have obtained good results; but it is only successful when . 
the inter-fragmentary tissue is fibrous and therefore susceptible to ossifica- 
tion. When the ends are separated by a muscular band, its resectionis the 
indication. In man, the bony stumps are made fresh, and then united 
by metallic sutures; silver thread is the best to use. Aseptic metallic 
plates, screwed on the bony fragments, fulfil the same indication; but the - 
screws which are used to secure them to the pieces of bone may pro- 
duce rarefying-osteitis, and consecutive accidents are to be feared. Quenu. 
prefers to them a bony rod, taken from calf, 10 or 12 centimeters long, 
and engaged into the medullary canal of that fractured bone. “ How- 
does this bone act?” Not only as support, but no doubt in irritating 
the bone and promoting the formation of osteoblasts. 
If the fracture has been badly reduced, if the bony ends are not kept in 
good coaptation, a large callus or a defective direction of the leg may re- 
main. A first indication to recommend is to again break the callus, by a 
sudden action of the hands or with the osteoclast. Antiseptic osteotomy 
ought to be tried. But these serious complications cannot be treated in. 
shall animals. h 
In the same way, if the callus compresses. a large nerve and brings on 
paralysis, the patient is generally destroyed, although it has been proved. 
in human surgery, that nerves can be isolated from this bony enveloping . 
neoplasm. 
Open FRACTURES. 
Open, complicated or exposed. ‘fractures, are those in which the injured part 
communicates with the outside through a solution of continuity of the 
soft tissues. This solution of continuity may result from the traumatic: 
action, cause of the fracture ; it issometimes made from inwards outwards, 
by a displaced splinter pushed through the skin; in some cases it is 
consecutive to the elimination of sloughs. With these fractures, many 
variations of ligamentous, bony, muscular and cutaneous lesions are found ;. 
in general, they are accompained with extensive lacerations. 
In dogs, crushings by being run over by carriages or tramways make-- 
véry serious lesions; through the perforated, lacerated skin, the torn. 
iiiuscles or tendons, as well as the open articulations, are exposed ; from. 
