’ 
442 VETERINARY SURGICAL THERAPEUTICS. 
The articulation of the knee playing a primordial part in locomotion of 
the anterior legs, recovery of its fractures of the bones which compose it 
—except the sus-carpal—is naturally very incomplete; the treatment to 
advise is only for animals that can be used for breeding purposes. A 
plastered or pitched bandage should be applied. If lameness remains, 
median neurotomy is indicated. The treatment of an open. fracture 
demands before all the antisepsy of the fractured center.’ 
VI— Coxal. 
Formed by the union of three bones—ilium, pubis and ischuim—the 
coxal forms in uniting with that of the opposite side, almost the totality 
of the pelvis. Its fractures, ordinarily produced by falls backwards. or on 
the sides in large animals, by being run over in dogs, may involve the 
ilium, ischuim, pubis, cotyloid cavity or several of those parts together. 
The two coxals may also be separated from each other at the pubic sym- 
phisis or fractured simultaneously. 
For the generality of cases, the diagnosis is easy, on account of the 
deformation of the croup, the detection of the bony crepitation, a bloody 
extravasation or a callus. Often rectal or vaginal exploration is necessary. 
If lameness is rarely missing at first, it varies very much in its severity. 
When the fracture has taken place forward of the cotyloid cavity, besides 
the lameness there is shortening of the step forward, but the resting of 
the foot is firm ; when, on the contrary, it exists back of the articulation, 
there is specially pain and stiffness in resting ; when it occupies the coty- 
loid cavity itself, pain is very great at rest and the lameness much accused ; 
in fractures of the ischuim, the leg may be carried in abduction, even at 
rest. (Moller). 
The zim is frequently injured on its antero-external angle, the angle 
of the haunch; sometimes a single tuberosity is broken off and remains 
attached to the bone; then the deformity is slight and slightly marked ; 
crepitation is scarcely perceptible. More often, the angle of the haunch, 
completely loose, is more or less drawn downwards by the contraction of 
the ilio-patellar and fascia lata muscles. There is no crepitation, but the 
deformity of the region is characteristic: in the “ Azpfed” horse, there is 
an irregularity in the width of the hips, disappearance of the angle on the 
corresponding side to the fracture. A hard, resisting mass, formed by 
the loose piece of bone, is felt in the flank. Lameness is more or less 
1A fracture of the trapezium recovered without lameness or stiffness was recorded 
by Howard (Amer. Vet. Rev., Vol. 15, p. 601). 
An unsuccessful case of comminuted fracture of the os magnum and trapezium 
was recorded by Harrison (Amer. Vet. Rev., Vol. 1, p. 492.) 
