SPRAINS, 495. 
‘various organs of the scapulo-humeral region. If the leg has been carried 
greatly in abduction, the sub-scapularis, sterno-trochineus and sterno- 
aponeuroticus have been stretched and more or less torn; while ex-- 
cessive adduction, flexion and extension produce respectively alterations... 
in the abductors, the extensors, or the flexors. In the “ disease of” 
Williams ” observed in horses used for plowing and which travel with . 
one lateral biped higher than the other, there are lesions of some given 
muscles, of their tendons, of the articulation and sometimes of the. 
nerves of the shoulder. 
To- -day, as in the past, “knowing ones” always see in the shoulder the - 
principal seat of lameness of the anterior leg; but careful examina- - 
tion of the foot and of the lower regions of the leg generally permits the - 
discovery of the true cause of the trouble. Many authors, Bouley par-.. 
ticularly for the ‘horse, Cruzel for cattle, have insisted on that point. - 
Lameness of the shoulder is more marked on soft than on hard ground; 
the step is short, the leg carried forward with great difficulty and close - 
‘to the ground. By palpation, there is ordinarily a soreness of the - 
shoulder-joint detected ; one must always be guarded of the continual - 
reactions of some animals. Ifthe leg is raised by the hand and car-. 
ried forward or backward, there is manifestation of pain; the animal. 
groans, is on the point of falling, but is unable to free himself ; the pain- 
ful muscles of the shoulder contract little or not at all. The same: 
manipulation practised on the other leg, by a sudden reaction the animal . 
will free himself without trouble. 
Recent lesions, accompanied with pain and swelling, demand im- 
mobilization of the joint and antiphlogistics. Immovable dressings being - 
difficult to apply in that region, hobbling of the forelegs is often re- 
sortedto. Advocatedin 1650 by Beaugrand, then by Solleysel, Garsault, , 
’ Bourgelat, this method was proscribed by Vitet, and specially by Lafosse, , 
and then abandoned. Renovated by Delorme, it consists in applying - 
hobbles on the pasterns, the common or the forearm, and securing them. 
‘together. To obtain a more complete immobility of the lame joint, the- 
‘ animal may be tied to both sides of his stall by ropes. From time to. 
time, the hobbles must be looked after, to avoid sores they might. 
produce: it is rare when they are required more thana month, This. 
‘method has given very good results to most of those who have used it; 
applied from the start, it ordinarily answers for the most severe sprains. . 
It is, however, indicated to employ cool applications, specially continued . 
irrigation, astringents or irritating frictions. There are numerous.. 
preparations to select from: Delorme used camphorated alcohol or- 
tincture of cantharides; others prefer the charge of Lebas, simple: 
blister, mercurial or bi-iodine of mercury ointment. 
