22, TREES OF THE NORTHERN UNITED STATES 
Ports.— The points as well as the bases of leaves 
are often peculiar, and need to be described by appro- 
priate terms. Truncate indicates an end that 
is square; retuse, /¥ |Z Sy one with a slight notch; 
emarginate, one —* “with a decided notch; 0d- 
cordate, with a still deeper notch; obtuse, << angular but 
abrupt; acute, <= somewhat sharp- >“ ened ; acumi- 
nate, He, de- *s cidedly sharp-pointed ; bristle-pointed 
and *<S awned, with a bristle-like tip; spiny- 
pointed, with the we point sharp and stiff (Holly) ; 
mucronate, <> with a short, abrupt point. 
Mareins.— Entire, 455 edge without notches; re- 
pand, slightly = wavy; sinuate, 
de- CS aie wavy ; dentate, with > 
tooth-like notches; serrate, 772» with 
notches like those of a saw; = crenate, ©, 
with the teeth rounded; twice ser- rae Se 
when there are coarse serrations finely ser- rated, 
as on most Birch leaves; serrulate, with minute serra- 
tions; erenulate, with minute crenations. Leaves can be 
twice crenate or sinuate-crenate. Revolute indicates that 
the edges are rolled over. 
When a leaf has a few great teeth, the projecting parts 
are called lobes, and the general form of the leaf is what 
it would be with the notches filled in. In the description 
of such leaves, certain terms are needed in describing the 
plan of the notches, and their depth and form. 
Leaves with palmate veining are palmately lobed 
or notched ; those with pinnate veining are pin- 
nately lobed er notched. While the term 
lobe is applied to all great teeth of a leaf, whether 
rounded or pointed, long or short, still there are four 
terms sometimes used having special signification with 
reference to the depth of the notches. Zobed indicates 
that the notches extend about one fourth the distance tc 
the base or midrib; cleft, that they extend one half the 
