G. 88) CLASSIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION 151 
1. Carpinus Caroliniana, Walt. (AMER- 
1cAN HoRNBEAM. BLUBOR WATER BEECH. ) 
Leaves ovate-oblong, pointed, sharply 
doubly serrate, soon nearly smooth. Fruit 
with the scales obliquely halberd-shaped 
and ecut-toothed, 34 in. long, nuts 4 in. 
long. A tree or tall shrub, 10 to 25 ft. 
high, with a peculiarly ridged trunk; the 
close, smooth gray bark and the leaves 
are much like those of the Beech. The 
wood is very hard and whitish. Common 7 
along streams; 
sometimes cul- 
tivated. 
Li 
— 
C. Caroliniana. 
2. Carpinus Bétulus, L. (European 
HornBEAM.) This cultivated species is 
quite similar to the American, but can be 
distinguished by the scales of the fruit, 
which are wholly halberd-shaped, having 
the basal lobes nearly equal in size, ag 
shown in the cut; while the American spe- 
cies has scales only half halberd-shaped. 
Genus 88. QUERCUS. 
Large trees to shrubs, with simple, alternate, deciduous 
or evergreen, entire to deeply lobed leaves. The leaves 
are rather thick and woody, and remain on the tree either 
all winter or at least until nearly all other deciduous 
leaves have fallen. Flowers insignificant; the staminate 
ones in catkins; blooming in spring. Fruit an acorn, 
which in the White, Chestnut, and Live Oaks matures the 
same year the blossoms appear; while in the Red, Black, 
and Willow Oaks the acorns mature the second year. 
They remain on the tree until late in autumn. The Oaks, 
because of their large tap-roots, can be transplanted only 
when small. Most of the species are in cultivation. The 
species are very closely related, and a number of them quite 
readily hybridize; this is especially true of those of a 
particular group, as the White Oaks, Black Oaks, ete. 
