G. 94) CLASSIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION 179 
Genus 94. PICEA, (THE SPRUCES.) 
Leaves evergreen, scattered (pointing in every direc- 
tion), needle-shaped, keeled above and below, thus mak- 
ing them somewhat 4-sided. Fertile catkins and cones 
terminal; cones maturing the first year, pendulous; 
seales thin, without prickles, persistent, the cone coming 
off the tree whole. 
* Leaves very short, usually 14 to 4 in. long, obtuse.......... 7,8. 
* Leaves usually 14 in. or more long, acute. (A.) 
A. Cones over 3 in. long; cultivated. (B.) 
B. Leaves dark green; large tree, common...... .......-- 3. 
B. Leaves bright or pale green... ............ 0000 4, 5, 6. 
A. Cones 2 in. or less long; large native irees............ 1, 2. 
1. Picea nigra, Link. (Buack oR 
DovuBLE Spruce.) Leaves about %% in. 
long, erect, stiff, somewhat 4-sided, very 
dark green or whitish-gray ; branchlets 
pubescent. Cones persistent, 1 to 144 
in. long, ovate or ovate-oblong, changing 
from dark purple to dull reddish-brown ; 
seales very thin, roundish, with toothed 
or uneven edges. A conical-shaped 
tree, 40 to 80 ft. high; wild in the North 
and along the Alleghanies; often culti- 
vated. Bark dark brown; branches 
horizontal; wood light reddish. P. nigra. 
Var.rubrahas larger, darker leaves, 
and larger, brighter-colored cones. 
2. Picea alba, Link. (WHITE OR 
SINGLE SPRUCE.) Leaves 14 to 34 in. 
long, rather slender, needle-shaped, 
sharp-pointed, incurved, pale- or 
glaucous-green; branchlets smooth. 
Cones deciduous, 2 in. long, oblong- 
cylindrical, with entire, thin-edged 
scales. Tree 25 to 100 ft. high, 
of beautiful, compact, symmetrical 
growth when young, and such light- 
colored foliage as to make it a fine 
