G. 107) CLASSIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION 199 
are a great many varieties of this species in cultivation, but few of 
them grow tall enough to be considered trees. 
Var. Hibernica (Irish Juniper) grows erect like a column. Var. 
Alpina is a low creeping plant. Var. hemispherica is almost like a 
half-sphere lying on the ground. 
2. Juniperus Virginiana, L. (RED CEDAR.) 
Leaves very small and numerous, scale-like on 
the older branches, but awl-shaped and some- 
what spreading on the young shoots; dark 
green. Fruit small, } in., abundant on the 
pistillate plants, dark purple and covered with 
fine, glaucous bloom. Trees from 20 to 80 ft. 
high (sometimes only shrubs), with mostly 
horizontal branches, thin, scaling bark, dense 
habit of growth, and dark foliage. Wood J. Vireiniana. 
light, fine-grained, durable; the heart-wood of a handsome dark red 
color. Wild throughout; several varieties are found in cultivation. 
Many other species from China, Japan, California, ete., are occasion- 
ally cultivated, but few are large enough to be called trees, and 
those that are large enough are not of sufficient importance to need 
specific notice. 
Genus 107. TAXUS. 
Leaves evergreen, flat, linear, mucronate, rigid, scat- 
tered, appearing more or less 2-ranked. Fertile flowers 
and the fruit solitary; the fruit, a nut-like seed in a cup- 
shaped, fleshy portion formed from a disk; red. 
Taxus baccata, L. (Common Ev- 
ROPEAN YEW.) Leaves evergreen, 2- 
ranked, crowded, linear, flat, curved, 
acute. Fruit a nut-like seed within a 
cup 44 in. in diameter; red when ripe 
in the autumn. As this species is 
somewhat dicecious, a portion of the 
plants will be without fruit. A widely 
spreading shrub rather than a tree, 
extensively cultivated under nearly a 
score of named varieties. We have 
a closely related wild species, Taxus 
Canadénsis (THE GROUND-HEMLOCE), 
T. baccata. which is merely a low straggling bush. 
